Marriage Analysis

Marriage is one of the major rights of passage in life. It is a change of status that involves all the emotional baggage that comes with such changes. Marriage is one of the few rights of passage that I, myself have chosen to undertake. Once my fianc? and I made the desciscion to get married, the next step was to plan the wedding. The first thing I had to do was to set a date. Choosing a date was not a simple task, considering I had to keep in mind of family commitments, other events, the length that some guests had to travel, and weather conditions. I knew that I wanted to be a summer bride, so I decided the best time would be around labor day. It would be the end of the summer, and a new beginning for me. Next, I went to the library and checked out all the books that I could find on weddings. I read each one carefully and took notes. Also I asked family members and friends about their own weddings. I asked questions about everything from weddings dresses to flower arrangements. The Internet was also is very informative. I logged onto the Internet and read many interesting stories about other people and their weddings. The third problem that I had to face was, â€Å"What kind of wedding do I want? † I had to choose from an ultra-formal, formal, semiformal, or informal. Determining how formal the wedding is to be will is to be would help establish the overall wedding strategy. The level of formality determines, to a great extent, the overall cost of the wedding. I chose the formal layout, which is the most typical wedding format†¦ Then there is finding a ceremony site. Since most of our friends are in North Carolina, we decided to have it here and not in Texas where my fianc? s raised. I decided to have the ceremonies held in the church that I grew up in. Choosing a ceremony site was not that hard, since I also decided that the reception also would be held at the church. The next thing was choosing the participants. I chose my sisters and friends for brides maids. My niece and little cousin would be the flower girls. Next, I went and asked each one to participate in the wedding, at which time they very gladly accepted. Choosing a wedding gown would be the hardest task. I saw so many gowns the were so beautiful. First, I decided how much I wanted to spend on the gown. Then, I had to chose the color that would be the best for me. So after going to one-hundred different shops, and several wedding shows, I picked the gown that most made me feel like Cinderella. Next, came the hiring of the musician, the catering, photographer, and florist. I was fortunate enough to find the One Stop Shop. They were highly recommended. At the One Stop Shop, they do it all. With the combination of services that they provided, I was exhilarated to learn that they had reasonable pricing. Sending out the invitations is the second-to-last event that needed to be planned. The Invitations are to be mailed approximately four to six weeks prior to the wedding. The envelopes are to be hand addressed in ink matching the printed ink on the invitation itself. Finally, the planning of the honeymoon. The key is to plan ahead and make every minute count. I decided on a week in Hawaii would be the means to get much needed rest. After planning a wedding, the only thing I can say is, â€Å"Thank God! I only have to go through this once! †

Napoleon Bonaparte DBQ Essay

The ideals of the French Revolution were â€Å"Equality, Liberty, and Fraternity,† but the methods that were used to fulfill these goals were complicated. During the Reign of Terror, about 40,000 people were guillotined because of Maximilien Robespierre. He thought that “Liberty could not be secured unless criminals lose their heads”. Napoleon Bonaparte, a Revolutionary hero, seized control of the government in France in 1799, he was looking to bring peace to the French people by ending the Revolution. For this to be done, he had to be in complete control like a monarch or a dictator. However, the French people still wanted to have some of the privileges they had during the Revolution. Napoleon Bonaparte stabilized and united French society, yet supported the ideals of French Revolution. Peace came to France with Napoleon’s strong rule. After making himself a consul for life, he re-established the French monarchy, naming himself Emperor Napoleon I in 1804. He centralized French government by appointing new officials, made tax collections more efficient, and created a National Bank. He believed that he was chosen by God to be in power and made others believe it through the Napoleon Catechism. It showed the French people that Napoleon was blessed to get the throne. â€Å"Â…he whom God had raised up under difficult circumstances to re-establish the public worship of the holy religion of our fathers and to be the protector of it† (Document 7). Napoleon brought civil rights back to France through codes and treaties that talk about revolutionary ideals. The Napoleonic Code is an example. It recognized the equality of all citizens before the law, protected property rights, safeguarded employers by outlawing trade unions and strikes, and supported religion. Napoleon also signed the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope to reverse the dechristianization attempts made during the â€Å"Republic of Virtue.† Napoleon was not a religious man, he realized that most people needed to practice their faith. This made the Catholic Church an ally and they retained the power to nominate bishops, in return, the Pope agreed to recognize the accomplishments of the Revolution and to not question the ownership of the land that had been distributed back then. Napoleon wanted to be the emperor of all of Europe. This could be foreseen  in Jacques Louis David’s painting of Napoleon’s Crossing the Alps (Document 4), where he was portrayed with power, strength and an iron fist. He was a short man, but had an extremely large ego. He controlled a strong army and conquered much of Europe. His empire was made up of the Italian and German states, Spain, Western Russia (for a short amount of time), and Switzerland. With all his power, he still did not mistreat the citizens of the newly conquered territories. He abolished feudal rights and the internal trade barriers in Spain with his Imperial Decree at Madrid in 1808. Napoleon’s concern for the inhabitants of Westphalia was expressed in his letter to Jerome Napoleon in 1807: â€Å"I want your subjects to enjoy a higher degree of liberty, equality, and prosperity hitherto unknown to the German people† (Document 7). Napoleon’s monarch rules stabilized and unified French society, as well as supported some of the ideals of the French Revolution but, Napoleon considered himself friendless and Count Mole perceived the thought behind Napoleon’s actions as â€Å"nothing but his own gratification, of magnifying himself and his power without limit and without rest† (Document 2). The middle class, who had fought a bloody revolution to end absolute rulers, tolerate Napoleon’s ways. With Napoleon in charge their ideals and rights were safe, they would accepted more his policies and given up some of their basic civil rights. Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769-1821, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France(October 2008)

Durkheim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Durkheim - Essay Example For myself, I found out how a functioning community could be formed with a purpose and over a certain moral outlook. I believe Randall Collins helped me to view my experience as stemming from certain concepts in Emile Durkheim and in Erving Goffman's theories of interaction ritual. Discussion Randall Collins outlined several important points of Durkheim in going over the recent history of sociology, its theory, and while also developing the theories of Erving Goffman interaction ritual. I stood as an 'outsider' that one day before walking up the stairs to the meeting room of the organization which I should call here the Volunteer Tutor Society (VTS). The organization had a good track record. It had placed groups of trained volunteers into several elementary schools of the city's African American community to conduct hour long tutoring sessions with groups of African American students who were in need. I saw myself as an 'outsider' who sought to become a member of 'insiders', a group that was already socially functioning. In Collins' words I sought the social situation in which "individuality and egotism are oriented toward socially constructed goals" (p. 22). There was a situational reality that was taking place. It was one VTS had already formed from which they reflected a successful record with over several years of contracts with the city's school administration. I wasn't aware of all the challenges, but I knew there were many in educating the youth. Also I wasn't particularly a racially minded individual, although I had friends who would have questioned my motives and who would have probably criticized me. I wasn't the 'do-goody' type and was actually rather shy. But I have always been a person of purpose and I was intent on doing my so-called part in changing the world. All of these things were going through my mind as I entered the room. The room was filled. There were a few people sitting at long tables at the front facing the audience of about 50 or 60- so people sitting on unfolded metal chairs. I immediately felt a difference as most of the people were African American women of different colors. From the way they dressed, I could see most of them were professionals or middle class. There were also a few African American men, young and old and dressed all kinds of ways. Some seemed to have just come from a good job and some looked as if they had come from the community, dressed plain. One person was dressed in African garb. The ages were from young to what seemed like old and retired age. This wasn't the first time I had been with this group of people, as we had all met a few weeks ago to take tests. The ones present, and myself, had apparently passed the tests. But what was most interesting about the group was that there were other 'outsiders' like myself. There were even a couple of oriental faces, and there were whites, a couple of white men and three white women, me being the fourth. I took a seat, waiting in anticipation for what would happen. I guessed I had gotten there just in time for things to start. People were tossing empty cups of coffee into the trash or setting back into their seats with napkins of cookies. A young woman entered from a side room that had the administrative office and I immediately recognized her as the operating manager. What was strange was that she was white and also I

HRM Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

HRM Assignment 1 - Essay Example Hence, all aspects of human resource tend to yield divergent approach. The paper will reveal such divergence in a detailed manner. Human resource is considered to be one of the most important assets for an organization and hence human resource management is a crucial aspect for all organizations operating in the competitive business framework. The function of human resource management is designed in such a way that it leads to maximize the performance of employees and concentrates on minimizing the issues arises out of organizational context regarding decision making, performance appraisal and reward system, communications, wage rate and many more. In 1989, John Storey had identified two distinct forms of human resource management such that Hard and Soft HRM. Hard HRM may be defined as an employee management system that considers workers as a resource that requires be controlling and closely supervising in order to maximise employee performance, ascertain profitability and achieve competitive advantage. In contrast, Storey defined soft human resource management as a system that considers human resource as an im portant factor for achieving organizational effectiveness and hence strives for skill enrichment of existing employees (Storey, 2007). In this paper, the dissimilation between hard and soft HRM will be critically analysed on the basis of employer attitude towards the workers, value of the employees in the organization, level of communication, extent of delegation of authorities and decision making power, transparency in payment and performance appraisal system and above all, organizational structure and leadership style. Though there is no single connotation regarding the appropriateness of hard or soft HRM in an organizational framework, comparative analysis can be drawn for each attributes of human resource

The Major Stakeholders of Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Major Stakeholders of Global Warming - Essay Example Due to the increase in temperature, many of the living organisms get affected, and most of them die. The rise in the concentration of greenhouse gases results in the Earth becoming warmer progressively. This concentration mostly occurs by the release of gases, like CO2, in the atmosphere through natural processes, and also by industries and factories that burn fossil fuels. Deforestation is another cause of increase in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, since trees are the most important absorbers of CO2; and, when they are cut down, CO2 increases which concentrates the atmosphere. It is argued that CO2 will eventually lead to man’s death by warming up the Earth to an unacceptable level. There are many stakeholders of global warming. Human beings are the most important stakeholders, and are also the origin of it. All individuals must understand that human communities are at stake due to abrupt rise in sea level, massive storms and hurricanes, and heat and cold waves. For ins tance, the year 2007 brought worst floods in the history of many countries like Malaysia, UK, North Korea, and other African countries. Pakistan saw the worst flood in 2010, which took millions of lives and unsheltered thousands of people. Next to human beings, the stakeholders are the animals and plants. Some animals are able to move to places of suitable temperature, but some are not able to cross the mountain barriers and waters. Plants are immobile, so they die. Global governments are also one of the stakeholders, whose vision toward solving the issue of global warming depends upon the views of their citizens. Many of these governments have not been able to take steps toward the solution of global warming, but there are other examples like Kyoto Protocol of 1997 which planned to counter the climate change issue. The Southern Baptist Convention of June 2007, which was considered as the country’s largest Protestant denomination (Miller, 2008, p.128), raised concerns about t he fact that global warming will continue to affect the poor of the country, because even if steps are taken to counter global warming by reducing the number of factories that emit CO2, this will result in an increase in the cost of energy that will ultimately affect the poor. Businesses are the only stakeholders that will not make movements against the global warming issue; instead, they will even try to stop the movement against global warming. This is because businesses tend to run such factories and industries that emit CO2 into the atmosphere; and, no businessman would want to end his business. But not all businesses work in this manner. For example, FedEx is such a company that tends to decrease global warming by shifting its entire fleet of delivery trucks to hybrids. The biggest hazard of global warming is that it is giving rise to many climate changes. Earth, today, is much warmer than it was 100 years ago. â€Å"Around the world, the Earth's average temperature has risen more than 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.8 degrees Celsius) over the last century, and about twice that in parts of the Arctic† (National Geographic Society, para.2). One way we can observe the Earth getting warmer is by observing the trees. In warmer conditions, the trees get thicker and form thick rings.  

Marie De France Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marie De France Era - Essay Example As for technical grounds, the contradiction can be found in the writing when it comes to fulfillment of the marriage vows and that obligation that come along with it. This is presented in case of a young girl, who is married to an elderly person and the couple is a total mismatch, and she is as in figure of speech being caged, and seeking salvation, she pleads for a messiah who comes in form of messiah of love and this leads to the spark of physical desire and love. Being totally non-platonic, this falls right into contradiction with the views those are being carried about marriage in the first half, where she lambasts the court practices and the common performance of adultery in the court four walls. She does not approve of any illegitimate and outside marriage physical relation, and this can be clearly inferred from by mention of adultery that was largely in routine and was not looked up to. However in the later part when the girl who the girl’s prayers get answered and a ha wk is being sent over which later on becomes her lover. The theme is full of expression of love and feeling, and even the beginning is marked by one similar event, where suffering and testing of a soul is joined and folded in the concept of love. It is presented in form of Guigemar who is totally indifferent to the concept of love in the beginning and later on gets embalmed into the vicious element of love which is hard to come out of once entered into. This part of the narrative work is independent of the nature of love or the kind. (from physical or platonic). However the second part of their tale is marked by the physical desire and love for one another when they through the force of love and magic come together again. Le Fresne’s tale is another similar account which has been expressed to explain the love. Lais of Marie de France is actually a collection of poems that was written around the medieval times, although no exact details are available yet all that are available are sufficient enough to deduce the theme and tone of he r thinking, her narration and her mind. Considering suffering as an attached part of love, she advocates the concept of unlawful practices of marriage through the lovers who are admired by the girls who themselves are in difficult times and they welcome the lovers despite being in a matrimonial relationship in other place which is in tatters in this regard thereby allowing them a reason to look out of the window even after being hooked in a matrimonial relationship. She does not stand indifferent to the element of love and values it, yet has different interpretation in different times, which leads to the argument that her first part of paper advocates a different approach of love and relationship, while the second part sees slight deviance from the earlier established concept. The element of trouble, sorrow, loneliness, separation, mismatch, all has been made a part of love, and for this purpose, she has defended the concept of illegitimate relationship. Hence a clear inconsistency exists and it is

Set Induction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Set Induction - Essay Example The set should be clear enough for the students to know what is expected of them. It should also help them have an idea of what to expect from their instructor. A good set should also help create motivation among learners. This motivation will help enhance clarity and enable students to be fully engaged in the whole learning process (Schuck, 227). Proper set induction by course instructors is necessary for creating interest in and understanding of a new subject among students. I attended an in-depth science class to assess the impact of set induction on students. The lecturer just went straight for the lecture notes once the lesson began. There was no introduction to the lesson; therefore there was nothing to grip the attention of the students. The lecturer used power-point presentations for his notes, which were all in the class text books. I thought that set induction to the subject was lacking. The lecturer did nothing to introduce the students to the new concept of the lesson, and yet this is a science class in which students need to understand the concept from the beginning. The lecturer did not welcome the students, and I sensed some indifference in the way he started the lecture without settling the students down. This sense of indifference was also obvious among the students who lost attention during the early stages of the lesson. Some of them turned to other activities that were not related at all to what they were learning, like sending emails and messages on their phones. I think that the way the lecturer started his lecture was not the right way to go about any learning process. He should have used a simple set induction to get the students ready for whatever he was going to teach them. I think the students turned to other activities other than paying attention to what the lecturer was saying due to the fact that they did not understand anything he said. The lack of attention could also be attributed to the fact that the instructor used

Marketing issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing issue - Essay Example http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20060505/us_nm/nevada_drugs_dc;_ylt=AreuRXBOHf5yVltO1LMj6HWyBhIF;_ylu=X3oDMTA5aHJvMDdwBHNlYwN5bmNhdA- It's no longer just the hardworking women who make money at strip clubs. These late-night hangouts, with their booming sound systems and gender-mixed crowds, have become big business for the record industry, particularly for hip-hop labels. "Strip clubs have become the main breaking place for records, especially in the South," says Jermaine Dupri, president of urban music for Virgin Records. The music industry increasingly has embraced the strip club out of necessity and convenience. At strip joints, DJs are able to play full tracks and can take a chance on underground and unproven material. Just about the right place to launch one's career in music. But will these hip-hop labels truly help turn out good music for all ages There are so many performers today who are good enough to break the jinx and make it count. Unfortunately there are not too many takers. Will the entry of Virgin Records bring more music companies into strip clubs Could this be turning point of the recording indus try in the United States It's just a matter of time. U.S. Geological Survey. The aquatic invasion is widespread. Half of all streams in the West are home to non-native fish. Few habitat types are immune, and humans are largely to blame. One of the most surprising conclusions in the new study: In streams that are among the most pristine, there are generally more non-native fish than native. With global warming changing the ecosystem, there has been many natural calamities witnessed the world over. It is time that mankind takes a closer look at what he been doing to unsettle the eco-system. Industrialization at the expense of a greener Earth is taking a step closer to extinction. Could these fishes have come as a blessing in disguise for Green Peace activists Only time will tell. http://news.yahoo.com/s/space/20060507/sc_space/nonnativefishinvadewesternstreams;_ylt=Aq4yaqyNiuaoS3a242Z6bYUPLBIF;_ylu=X3oDMTA5aHJvMDdwBHNlYwN5bmNhdA-- 4. Rather than reach for the television remote control when she wants to be entertained, Karalyn Valente goes online to play "EverQuest," "Ultima Online" and other video games - a gaming habit shared by millions in the United States. According to a new AP-AOL Games poll, 40 percent of American adults play games on a computer or a console. Men, younger adults and minorities were most likely to play those games. The trend to move from the 'idiot box' is a cause of concern for the media managers. There is this serious concern that if nothing is done quickly to bring people back to television viewing; the industry is in for a major transformation that could take away thousands of jobs. Video games attract people for the simple reason that they get associated with the characters that transforms into a strong bond.

Individual Value Alignment Essay Example for Free

Individual Value Alignment Essay http://www.homeworkbasket.com/BUS-475/BUS-475-Week-2-Individual-Value-Alignment Discuss an existing organization with which you are familiar that is different than the one you used for the Conceptualizing a Business paper. Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you analyze the individual values and the organization’s values as reflected by the organization’s plans and actions. Include the following in your paper: Analyze the origin(s) and subsequent evolution of your personal and workplace values. Explain how your individual values drive your actions and behaviors, and analyze the alignment between your values and actions and behaviors. Analyze the degree of alignment between the organization’s stated values and the organization’s actual plans and actions. Explain the differences and analyze the degree of alignment between your values and the organization’s values as reflected by the organization’s plans and actions. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. For More Homework Goto http://www.homeworkbasket.com

Performance Measurement Paper Essay Example for Free

Performance Measurement Paper Essay In the world of business there are many cliche’s about how performance measurements are implemented and what they actually do such as â€Å"if your company doesn’t measure results then you can’t tell success from failure. † http://www. balancedscorecard. org/Home/tabid/36/Default. aspx The key focus on strategic objectives should always articulate precisely what the organization wants to accomplish which is the key to finding accurate, true, strategic measurements. The strategic performance measures will allow the organization to monitor the implementation and effectiveness of the operational efficiency. The best performance measures will provide a way to monitor and see if that strategy is actually working. Focusing on the importance of the employee’s contribution to the success of the organization is another important measure that can be added along with providing a common language for the communication of everyone. Performance measurement is so vital in the structure of an organization because it is an ongoing and constant reporting and monitoring of accomplishments. Typically the program is implemented by agency management. The different program activities are measured by this system as well. A program may be considered any project, activity, or function that has a set of objectives. The three types in which will be compared and contrasted begins with the output type of performance measures which indicates a specific workload that is processed throughout a period of time. The next type of performance type of selection is the efficiency type, which indicates the different ratio’s of the resources to work the product. The resources of this particular type are primarily considered budget dollars. The final performance measurement type that will be under contrast is the outcome type which tells the results over a period of time from work which was performed by the organization in order to benefit the people receiving the service. (EOM) or enterprise output management is a practice used in information technology dealing with the organization of data that is created for banking systems, insurance database systems, customer relationship management, as well as many others. Output distributed management is defined as middle ware that threatens to drive out the process originally supported in order to implement an auto mated one. EOM output managment could potentially reduce the cost of traditional printing because it uses digital output channel such as fax and email. The potential of this is depends on how the concept is adopted by the targeted customer group. Management information systems allow organizations to get right people the correct information at a timely and efficient manner. The efficiency type of performance management works by pulling together information. Therefore improving the products and expanding the customer base at the same time. A manger with a good management information system can eliminate redundant miscues that waste time and may instead focus on what actually works for the betterment of the organization. If an MIS is added into the equation then the amount of time saving that will benefit the organization will be tremendous because there is more time being focused on the specific task at hand. The computer program can collect data from employees much faster than the alternative time consuming method of not taking advantage of the technology. The over-all term performance management is defined as the output of employees and groups individually. The employees may be divided into groups and departments within the organization as a whole. Therefore the performances can be evaluated much more effectively by knowing what everyone’s production levels are and by gathering this information will definitely help to improve the quality of production in the organization which will lead to good things for everyone. In order for the performance management procedures to be put in place and do the job that they are needed to do there should be a performance definition done as soon as humanly possible because this knowledge will help drive the rest of the tasking in sequence for what needs to be done for the organization.

The World Channel Tunnel Engineering Projects Construction Essay

The World Channel Tunnel Engineering Projects Construction Essay The Channel Tunnel (French: le tunnel sous la Manche), widely recognized as one of the worlds greatest civil engineering projects, is a 50.5km underwater rail tunnel connecting Folkestone, Kent in the UK with Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais in France under the English Channel. Even though it began construction in 1988 and was opened in 1994, the idea to have a cross-channel tunnel was first mooted more than 200 years ago but did not materialize due to political, national security and cost considerations. However, with the tremendous increase in traffic growth, better and alternative means of communication, convenience and speed was necessary and hence the need for an alternative transport route was clearly evident. The need for such tunnel was further compounded with Britain joining the European Community and the cross-channel traffic doubling in the last 20 years (leading to the project), reflecting improved trading between the Britain and rest of Europe. The Channel Tunnel would also be a ble to provide an alternative competitive link between the transportation systems of the UK and France, providing both speed and reliability to freight deliveries. With the strong endorsement from the governments of both sovereigns, the decision to build the Channel Tunnel was thus made. In April 1985, the British and French governments issued a formal invitation to potential tenderers for the fixed Channel link and eventually the contract was awarded to the consortium Channel Tunnel Group Limited- France Manche S.A. (CTG/FM) (later renamed Eurotunnel). Figure 1: Project Organization The Channel Tunnel, with the governments intention that it be privately funded and there would not be any government assistance or undertaking, was a build-own-operate-transfer (B-O-O-T) project with a concession. The project organization is shown in Figure 1. In this contract arrangement, Eurotunnel would be the owner cum operator, which was being funded by the banks and shareholders. The governments of UK and France were represented by the Inter-Governmental Commission (IGC), to which the Safety Authority and the Maitre dOeuvre (an independent technical auditor) would report to. The IGC would then make final engineering and safety decisions. TML (essentially split from CTG/FM so as to separate the roles of owner/operator and contractor) consisted mainly of five British contractors (Translink Joint Venture) and five French contractors (G.I.E Transmanche Construction) and would carry out the construction works for the Channel Tunnel in a design and build contract. Upon completion of the project, the British and French governments would award Eurotunnel a 55 (which was later revised to 65) year operating concession to repay the banks and shareholders. The Contract was officially signed on 13 August 1986 and the fixed rail was to be fully commissioned in 1993. The services offered by the Channel Tunnel include the Eurotunnel Shuttle (a shuttle service for vehicles), Eurostar passenger trains and freight delivery trains. TMLs contract was to design, build, and test and commission the fixed rail tunnel. The Channel Tunnel (Figure 2) was designed to have three concrete-lined bores approximately 50km long, with 37.9km undersea and the rest under land at either ends of the English (Cheriton near Folkstone) and French (Pas-de-Calais village of Frethun) terminals (Figure 3). Two of the running tunnels were designed to have an internal diameter of 7.6m while the third was a 4.8m service tunnel running midway between the two and connected to them via 3.3m diameter cross passages at 375m intervals. 2m diameter piston relief ducts connecting the main tunnels at 250m spacing were built to prevent the accumulation of differential air pressures and aerodynamic resistance. To facilitate operations and maintenance, four crossover caverns were built between the two terminals to allow trains to cross between the running tunnels. Two crossovers were laid close to the terminals while the other two were under the seabed , effectively dividing the tunnel into three approximately equal lengths. Figure 4 below shows the main phases of the project. Two separate rail tunnels were chosen instead of a single large twin-track rail tunnel because this could minimize construction risk while at the same time enhance operations, maintenance and safety. The diameters were finalized after design analysis, development and optimization studies, taking into consideration the operation and support, speed and cost of construction. The service tunnel provided access between the running tunnels during normal and emergency situations and was equipped with a guided transport system. It was also where the water and pumping mains run and functioned as a fresh air supply duct to the tunnels in normal working condition. In addition, the service tunnel would function as a lead tunnel during construction which allowed the workers and engineers to assess and ascertain the uncharted ground conditions before advancing the main tunnels. Basing on the existing geotechnical investigations, past tunneling expeditions and two additional geotechnical and geophysical surveys carried out by TML on the English Channel along the proposed tunnel line, it was ascertained that there was a distinct sub-unit of the Lower Chalk layer known as the Chalk Marl running continuously between the two terminals. Chalk Marl, made up of alternating bands of marly chalk and limestone, was found to be the best tunneling medium as it was essentially impermeable (due to its high clay content) and provided good short term stability under excavation, thus minimizing the number of supports required (Figure 5). It was designed to be bored in the bottom 15m of the Chalk Marl layer to minimize the ingress of water from the fractures and joints, but above the Gault clay which is susceptible to swelling when wet, imposing high stresses on the tunnel lining. The chalk marl strata dipped gently at less than 5o with smaller displacements of less than 2m d ue to faulting towards the UK side; whereas the strata dipped severely towards the French side (up to 20o) with much larger displacements of up to 15m (Gueterbock, 1992). Chalk at the French side was also harder, more brittle and fractured. This thus led to the use of different tunneling methods on the English and French sides. The seaward and landward bores for all three tunnels on the UK side began at Shakespeare Cliff. Construction traffic would enter the tunnel via a new inclined access (Adit A2) at the Lower Shakespeare site, while worker access was built via a shaft driven to the tunnel level from the Upper Shakespeare site (Gueterbock, 1992). Due to the fast construction time required and the relatively dry chalk marl at the UK side, it was assessed that the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) was most suitable for the UK tunnels. One feature of the NATM was the interlinking of design, construction method, sequence and plant and the success of this method depended on the continuous integration of these elements by the tunneling engineers. Six TBMs were used to drive the UK tunnels spanning a total distance of 84km. The TBMs were operated on an open-face mode with a front excavating section and a rear gripper unit which acted as a temporary anchor point when the cutting head drove forward at 1.5m inc rements (Anderson Roskrow, 1994). Excavation of the tunnel and erection of the tunnel linings were carried out concurrently. Depending on ground conditions, the thickness of the linings ranged between 380mm and 500mm. Expanded concrete lining was used for the UK tunnels where the unbolted lining was expanded against the excavated ground. Pads on the back of the lining allowed the formation of an annulus to be filled with grout to prevent water ingress (Byrd, 1996). Each 1.5m lining ring was made up of eight precast concrete segments with a key segment. Cast iron lining segments were only used in poor ground conditions. Over at the other side, the tunnel drives started at the shaft in Sangatte in France. Due to the highly fissured ground resulting in very wet conditions on the French side, a different type of TBM known as the Earth Pressure Balance Machine was used. The TBMs were designed to operate both in open and closed modes. Close mode is characterized by the sealing off of the machine from the spoil around it and the cutting head, thus keeping pressure on the dirt in front as it excavated and allowing the machine to work in the dry as the pressure in the machine was higher than the outside. The arrangement of seals on the TBM allowed it to withstand up to 10 atmospheric pressures. When the TBMs reached dryer and more favourable grounds, they could then switch to open mode. While precast sections were also used on the French side, the materials used were different owing to the different soil conditions: neoprene and grout sealed bolted linings made of cast-iron and high strength concrete (Ander son Roskrow, 1994). The French tunnels were made of six 1.4 to 1.6m wide segments plus a key segment. A total of 5 TBMs were employed on the French side, and the bores from the UK and France were to finally meet in the middle of the English Channel in the tunnel breakthrough phase. The Channel Tunnel project was huge by any standard, with a number of key factors that could potentially impact the parties involved: bi-nationality, private funding (thereby effectively transferring most of the financial risks to the contractors), schedule and cost. To stay attractive to investors and banks alike, the project had to meet the following priorities: minimum risk of cost overrun, minimum operating cost and maximum traffic revenue. It was recognized, from the outset, that the main challenge of the project was to resolve the logistical support associated with large scale tunneling and the fast-track nature of this project. The management, finance and technical challenges related to this project would be explored in the subsequent paragraphs.

Josephine Bakers Monologue Essay -- Josephine Baker Composition Monol

Josephine Baker's Monologue I’m Freda Josephine Baker born to Carrie McDonald and Eddie Carson on June 3rd, 1906, in St. Louis, Missouri, but most of you may know me as Josephine Baker. At the age of 12 I dropped out of school to become an entertainer, yes yes, I remember it like it was yesterday, I was young and ready to become a star. I grew up cleaning houses and babysitting for white families, and they always reminded me â€Å"be sure not to kiss the baby†. When I was 13, I got a waitressing job at the Chauffeur’s Club, which was where I met my first husband, our marriage was very brief; I had never hesitated to leave anyone, never depended on any man for anything, that’s for sure. I was married five times, never again never again, I keep telling myself, hah hah I make myself laugh, but then again I did get lots of things from them. I gained French citizenship from one of my husbands, another one of my husbands helped to raise my 12 adopted children, and I kept my last name of my 2nd husband, Willie Baker. I never had children of my own instead I adopted twelve child...

War from 18th Century Naval Capabilities to the War of 1812 :: essays research papers

WAR FROM 18TH CENTURY NAVAL CAPABILITIES TO THE WAR OF 1812   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The English Navy has to obviously be strong to protect an island, and had already been tested against sea powers of Spain and the Netherlands. France, which was not susceptible to an attack from the water, began to build it’s naval fleet and became a threat to the English merchant vessels. England began to realize the importance of having a strategy through an allied coalition in which their greatest contribution to the alliance would be though sea power and the four elements of the merchant marines, a struggling navy, strategic materials, and good offshore bases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The eager French divided naval forces into two fleets: Mediterranean and Atlantic. In an effort to stop the French from maintaining trade routes, the English enacted the â€Å"Rule of 1756† which prohibited anyone from taking over the French trade routes in time of war, but would continue to subsidize the German raiders. The French tactic at sea was to try and get ahead of the superior English vessels and fire while moving forward to increase the range of each round; once the ship was disabled, the French would then flee or turn and destroy. The English preferred a straightforward approach, which sometimes meant to move within pistol range in order to increase the accuracy of their weapons. Both sides agreed that they needed to improve accuracy as well as the rate of fire. It was British tenacity as well as strong naval traditions that allowed the island country to survive and be the strongest empire that the western world had ever known.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In America the two groups of populations from England and France were not religiously yoked together. The French stood strong with Catholicism and the English were not going to be bound by the laws of the Catholic Church any longer. As far as fighting skills, the French had a leg up when it came to wilderness warfare. The French worked closely with the Indian population and learned a great deal about how to live off of the land while being employed by it as well, for example as a trapper. The English on the other hand took to the fields of the new world to become farmers, and many of them had to be taught how to shoot a weapon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once the idea of revolution the streets, which had spawned from texts like Common Sense, the individual new states were forced to fight independently against England.

Advantages and disadvantages of studying abroad Essay

Almost every student around the world wishes to pursue his or her education. However, every issue has its pros and cons. In order to making a better decision, one has to explore different aspects of a plan. Studying abroad lets you experience things you have never faced them before. It gives you the opportunity to communicate with different people who have different religions and speak different languages. This will improve your social skills. In addition, when you graduate from a university in a foreign country, It will make you more prestigious. In work life and in your personal life, It will bring more respect for you. To them, you are a person who experiences a different world with different inhabitants. Needless to say, this prestige will help you to find jobs with more salaries. On the other hand, when you leave your hometown and migrate to another country to continue your study, some obstacles may show up. For one thing, you must be away from your family and your intimate friends for a while. No doubt, your relationship will fade away if you don’t try to keep in touch with them. Moreover, you are exposed to an environment where everybody else acts and behaves different from what you have learned before. They also expect you to express yourself using their culture. Furthermore, your costs most likely are higher and your income is less than in your country. Because you are a foreigner to these new people, you barely find an appropriate job with a high salary at first. All in all, going abroad in order to continue the education has some advantages and disadvantages. After a thorough consideration of merits and demerits of it, I decide to put all my vigor and pursue my education abroad.

New Personality Self-Portrait Text: Why you think, work, love

Personality inventories have always been a popular topic with people, as they hold within them the power to reveal to us something about our innate selves which we didn’t know before, and the possibility of helping us understand ourselves better, and in turn, making us happier people. As psychological knowledge advanced, in the United States personality inventories became a much-appreciated subject of books, articles and researches as most of these sought to exaggerate the impact of individualism while downplaying the effects of social and economic factors on upbringing and social behavior. Personality tests have often been criticized personality tests and placed them on the continuum of astrology, fortune-telling and horoscopes, calling their content equally generic and simplistic in nature so that people find at least something in the tests which has a relation to their life or self, and they ignore the rest of the contents of the tests which do not have such a relation. Another critical view is that these tests overly simplify personality, which inherently is a complex phenomenon, and that these tests often lack scientific descriptors. The conventional tests all contain a series of random questions and individual scores are tabulated based on the polarity of responses generated by these questions. While these tests maintain that no one person can fit completely and wholly into one category, yet the presentation of the personality types themselves is at best, rigid and highly categorical. However, John M. Oldham, a physician, psychiatrist, researcher, academic administrator and writer has developed a personality test which counters these criticisms and emerges as one of the more reliable assessment tests out of the various options available. Oldham's personality test also has an inventory of questions and just like other tests before it, it assigns points on answers and reveals personality types based on points. But it is better than other popular inventories because the personality types are not the conventional ones, derived from popular consensus, rather, they are based on psychiatric medical categories of personality disorders in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Then, Oldham has identified â€Å"the common, utterly human, nonpatholocial versions of the extreme, disordered constellations† from this manual. He has followed this approach because according to him, personality disorders are the â€Å"extremes of normal human patterns†, basically, what personality comprises of. Hence, the book is based on the premise of defining the normal personality styles, the extreme versions of which translate into personality disorders. Critics of Oldham's book, which is a popularization, have said that while the test works fine, the examples Oldham has used can be distracting and misleading. The situations and reactions that have been attributed to these fictitious characters have the risk of not being taken seriously by people as their characterization lacks any cultural, socio-economic, environmental or ethical element, which is what makes characters believable. Another drawback of the test is that the validity is completely dependent on the responses of the individual, and there are no correction scales, which are present in other standardized personality instruments. One of the strong points of this test is that the descriptors are short, yet clear in their meaning, and in all, manage to provide comprehensive coverage of all types of personalities. By giving a personality style-disorder continuum, Oldham has recognized that personalities are not just groups of character traits; rather, they exist on a spectrum which ranges from normal personality styles to their counterpart personality disorders. The book is a popular one, and its intended audience is laypeople and not medical professionals. It provides a simple view on personality styles and to some people, might appear to be lacking the technical sophistication which more rigorously developed and standardized personality inventories might contain.

Negative Effect of Internet Essay

You are at home in the U.S.A. and want to contact a friend in Ecuador, so you use the internet to communicate and life is better now. While, internet shortens the distances there are also three other negative effects impersonal communication, community misinformation and identity theft. First of all, most of us know how to use a computer but, do you remember the last time you wrote a letter to your mother in Chicago instead of sending an e-mail? Each day people prefer more the use or impersonal communication media such as chat rooms, e-mail than calling or writing to their families. At this moment the contact between families is at risk. The second negative effect or internet appears to be related with the impersonate characteristic we talked previously. Because, internet is impersonal most of the time, is the perfect media for spreading rumors and misinforming the entire community. A very common form of misinformation is the use of chain letters. For example, someone sends you an e-mail saying that McDonald’s burgers are genetically engineered (and you believe it even without evidence) so you send the same e-mail to all your contacts. Within a few hours your contacts do same as you and hundreds of people believe in the e-mail without any attempt to confirm the content. The third and last negative effect of internet is the identity theft. If the chain letters we were talking about don’t scares you yet, pay attention to your personal information. Each day two out of five citizens suffer some king of identity theft. Because a lot of transactions are made through the internet it is easy to steal your social security number and your credit card number. Furthermore, sometimes you give the information to the thieves without knowing it when you apply for that risk free credit card online, or pay for products on-line. In summary, the internet can make communication fast but impersonal, can also misinform and somebody else can steal your identity, without your knowing. As a result, I encourage people to visit the family, don’t believe everything you see on the internet and be aware of where you use your personal data including credit cards.

The advancement of human civilization

The development of products and modernization are in each other’s pocket.   People simply travel by foot before but now, mankind can travel by air, land and sea.A hundred years ago, a company doesn’t need computers to run its business. Today, the need to adopt information technology is a matter of necessity for the survival of business.   The advancement of human civilization is marked by advances in Sciences which is best manifested in the development of products and services available to the people.   As civilization advances, our needs also dynamically change.Advertising is at the core of change because it is primarily the method by which information about new things i.e. products and services are communicated or disseminated for the eventual adoption and acceptance of society. To say that advertising encourages us to buy things we really do not need undermines the important role it plays in introducing and initiating progressive change in society.Moreover, to view advertising in this manner connotes a negative idea because it would distort its static function of information dissemination to a means of manipulating people into believing something that is not true.  Ã‚   Advertising is neither good nor bad but is just a means to an end.Whether that end is good or bad makes advertising good and bad as well.   This on the other hand depends on the perspective of the person who views it or on which side the person is in terms of the information that advertisement carries. An advertising campaign for Nazism is apparently bad for most people but is good in the perspective of advocates of Hitler.Advertising is a component of the marketing process i.e. under product promotion which is designed to inform potential customers about a particular product and service of a company.   Following the essence of marketing, advertisements ultimately tell us about new products that may improve our lives.   â€Å"Marketing is the management process wh ich identifies, anticipates, and supplies customer requirements efficiently and profitably.† (Hoffmann).Products are developed through market research, which involve understanding needs and preferences of customers and finding a competitive edge or differentiating it from the weaknesses and strengths of one’s competitors.   Products are therefore developed ultimately as a response to the identified and anticipated needs of the people.   Advertising functions to communicate how innovations in new products are able to address those needs for the convenience of people and generally to improve life or advance the civilization.Of course, we don’t need cars, computers or any other appliances to survive. Mankind had evolved to have all the resources he/ she needed for basic survival.   However, mankind is also not static.   It is a rational creature in a constant pursuit to improve its life by creating new products and services.   Cars where invented even thou gh we have feet for transport.   Indeed, we don’t need cars for primordial survival, but transportation had definitely and progressively changed how mankind conducted life.Advertising played the crucial role of introducing not the need but the advantage and convenience of transportation or having a car in as much as it did for all other products and services.   Advertising therefore was essentially meant to inform people of new products that are meant to improve our lives because these new products and services where designed to address or respond to our needs and preferences   In which case, advertising partakes in setting social progress by introduction of new products and services.That advertising encourages us to buy things we really do not need may have stemmed from the idea of advertising as a tool for propaganda. Because propaganda as a form of communication through mass media is one sided, some modern theorists are critical and wary that this will be used by the powerful elites to impute and infuse values and beliefs which are not necessarily true but are meant to serve their own selfish purposes.   (Perry).In which case, advertisements are meant to persuade or shape people’s thoughts.   Such is the case for products and services that more than just being informative are astutely designed position product and create company image.They effectively incite people to buy things and patronize products in a subliminal and benevolent approach.   For instance, MasterCard’ priceless campaign emphasize on what is priceless; it gives less attention to the cost of what we buy or the need for buying it.   Nevertheless, credit cards indeed provide us the convenience of paying or carrying cash.   In which case, people need to be critical of the information that they receive.   Whether they need the product or service advertised is ultimately up to the consumer to decide.ReferencesHoffmann, Stefanie. Are the 4 P's of Internationa l Marketing of Equal Importance to All Firms? What Factors Might Cause Some to More Or Less Important Than Others? A Short Article, GRIN Verlag, 2008Perry, D. Theory and Research in Mass Communication: Contexts and Consequences. Erlbaum, Publications, 2002   

Ancient Greece The story of Medea

Ancient Greece The story of Medea Essay In Ancient Greece, the name of the monstrous murdering mother Medea was well- known. The story of Medea, the mysterious sorcerer-princess who helped Jason steal the famous Golden Fleece from her father, is a mythical romance with a terrible, terrible ending. Splendids new creative adaptation puts the audience at the heart of the performance, as a twenty-first century chorus presents a timeless tale of passion, betrayal and revenge. The performance took the audience through all sorts of emotions, as the story of a mother and wife took revenge on her hero husband that betrayed her by cheating with a princess. Medea takes revenge so far and even though she is banished from her city, she takes the ultimate revenge on Jason killing her own children. Although the play had many characters and a chorus, there was only 3 actors in whole performance. These 3 actors managed to multi-role play perfectly by using such simple ideas that made the audience recognise the characters they were playing easily. One of the most recognised and in my opinion, effective way they managed to change characters was by using scarves. It wasnt a complicated fiddling about changing clothing, it was a simple scarf and a belt. When the actors were being narrators or not performing, they wore these scarves in a different way each time to represent the character that they were playing. All of the costume changes were to the audience and sometimes they would tuck the scarf in their belt, to represent a strong character, like a hero. Other times they would be storytelling and wrapped the scarf around their heads to represent an old granny telling a old story. I thought this was highly effective and a creative way of adding to a character. It made the transitions between characters simple and it only took minimal seconds to change the way they wore the scarves. As soon as they placed the scarf differently, the actors switched instantly and stepped into the shoes of the characters. It was clear that they didnt need a big costume change for you to imagine the character because using the scarf was just effective enough. For me, it seemed like one of those ideas that you would think why didnt I think of that because it was an unique way of changing character. Another way the actors used multi-role play was by how they used their voice and positioned their stance and posture. Each actors voice or stance was never the same. The pitch, tone, volume and accent changed every time to represent the different character. No character was similar in voice which made it clear to the audience who they were playing. For example, the male performer (Jimmy Whiteaker) played a narrator while wearing his scarf around his head. His posture was bent over like he was old and frail and his movement was slow and soft. His voice was in a welsh accent, which is a great story telling accent. His tone was soft but happy and uplifting and his facial expression was always in a smile with his eyes bright. Compared to his other character, Jason, this is a dramatic change. Jasons posture was always strong and upright with his head held high and his nose in the air. His movement and gestures were sharp and without regret or thought. And he spoke confidently, in a serious, bold tone and the pitch low and manly. Each actor changed all these qualities in their own way, to create a personality and traits for the character they were playing. Another way they used multi-role play was by using personal props. These props were very minimalistic but once again they were personal to the character they were playing. I thought all of the 3 actors did an amazing job of multi-role play and they have given me many ideas and inspired me to think more about my roles. READ: Catholism 19th century EssayThe set on the stage was very simple and minimalistic. This was definitely more of a quality to the performance than negative. It didnt look over the top and it didnt need to be. Splendid productions state on their website that Splendids powerful cast of three will show how an ancient story can resonate through time, and how the simplest of theatrical ideas can have a devastating impact. And this is exactly what they did, especially with the set. It was so simple yet creative at the same time and even though a rope was just placed in a square on the stage, once the actors stepped into that rope the whole atmosphere changed and thats what created such a devastating impact. The set represented Greek Theatre. It represented the Unities that the play was all in one day, one place and one story. It made the audience concentrate on the actors and appreciate what they were doing and how much of creative thinking had been put into the performance. What I thought was most effective about the set was that the audience was used as part of the set. Multiple times the actors came into where the audience was watching, and they were still in character. Other times they would interact with the audience. But the fact was, they knew the audience was always going to be part of the set however, we didnt. And thats what I thought was so interesting and using the audience really involved them and kept them interacted but also added a lot of symbolism to the story. The main piece of set was a thick rope shaped in a large square centre stage. The rope was the most used part of the set because inside of it the were playing a character and playing the scene. Yet outside of the rope, they were telling the story and being narrators. The minimal set was most effective and was more effective then it wouldve been with complicated set because it forced the actors to be creative and imaginative by miming etc. As they didnt rely on the set to do the job for them. The actors used choral speaking which is when actors speak at the same time. They did this when they introduced Ancient Greece. This was very effective as they changed their voice style a lot throughout and added a lot of humor to it and gestures which gave the audience a break from the seriousness and intensity of the storyline, broke up the story and kept them interested in the performance. It was in unison perfectly and in my opinion it was important that they added humor as it brightened up the performance. The actors performed this very clearly and loud. The actions during the song made it more effective as it added character to the performance and made it more interesting. Also, it involved the audience through laughter. Another reason it was effective was that it focused on the tragic elements of the story but these negative themes were not as harsh as they spoke boldly and humorously about it. The choral speaking had an interesting contrast between conversations and the formal narrative and without it I dont think the performance would have been as enjoyable because it was clear the choral speaking had a great lasting impact on the audience.

Internal Audit Deparment Background description about TJX Company Essay

Internal Audit Deparment Background description about TJX Company - Essay Example Similarly, the audit department is involved in making optimal recommendations on the improvements that should be established to the senior management and audit committee. The audit director of TJX reports to John Caban in updating him on the auditing process and plans that need to be implemented (TJX.com, 2). John Caban is supposed to report to the CFO of TJX company who is known as Scott Goldenburg. In addition, Caban is responsible of approving the audit plan prepared by the audit department. Similarly, the chief audit chief is responsible of updating the audit department of the organization through the quarterly reports during the regular meetings held in the organization (TJX.com, 1). One of the aspects that have enabled the auditing department of TJX organization to expand significantly in the past is the close relationship it has developed with the management. The management of the organization usually requests the audit department to undertake special auditing apart from the r outine audits to measure the compliance level of the organization. This has enabled the department to comply with the established accounting regulations, financial and operational audits. Consequently, the objective of the TJX auditing department is to conduct accounting audits that are independent and designed to test compliance to the procedures and policies. In addition, the department goal is to ensure the control standards and securities are complied in the financial reporting of the various transactions encountered in the organization. Similarly, the auditing department helps the management of the company in meeting the internal control objectives of the organization. Owing to the numerous objectives and responsibilities that the audit department of TJX is expected to meet, a number of operation scope have been established to ensure the audit department improves the financial reporting of the organization. One of the capacities the auditing department is supposed to undertake is to review the integrity and reliability of the operational and financial information provided. In addition, the department is supposed to review the various means that can classify, report, and measure the financial and operational information provided by the various departments. Another scope of the department is evaluating the systems that have been established in ensuring that plans, laws, policies, regulation and procedure compliance that can affect the operation of the organization. Similarly, the auditing committee of the organization undertakes a review on the various means that can secure vital organization assets like computer data and investigating if the data is in existence. Furthermore, the department evaluates the efficiency, security and control of the IT system investment to ensure it enables the organization to comply with the established procedures. In addition, the auditing department reviews and appraises the efficiency and economy in the utilization of the av ailable resources. Moreover, the department evaluates the certainty of the financial results in determining they are consistent with the founded goals and objectives. Accordingly, the auditing department of TJX Company has been able to ensure the financial and accounting reporting complies with the founded regulations, laws and policies. Audit Staff Description The auditing

Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Love - Essay Example It focuses on Clegg’s road towards recovery from cocaine and alcohol at the age of thirty four. Clegg decides to enter an inpatient facility to help him reclaim his career, apartment, his dear cat and a boyfriend to love. His road to recovery is full of pain with little glory. The theme of love in the memoir gets portrayed through the support that Clegg receives from the circle of those trying to recover from addiction (Clegg 22). Clegg remembers friends who supported him and saved his life as they tried to relate to him. It is through their encouragement that he never gave up. He explains the friendships he made while on his road to recovery as incomparable to others he had. The friendship he creates is on another level as he gets to share experiences that other people would not understand. Clegg also tells of his story of sobriety so he can get loved by the old and new family he finds (Clegg 48). ‘This is our youth’ is a play by Kenneth Lonergan. The play centers on two friends, Warren and Dennis. Both are college dropouts. Warren shows up at his Dennis’s apartment after having stole fifteen thousand dollars from his dad. Warren gets introduced to the complexities of human relationships about loyalty and betrayal by Dennis and his female companion, Jessica. The play portrays young love by the characters. The theme of love gets depicted by the relationship between Warren and Dennis. Warren hopelessly hero worships Dennis and follows him through the life of the party. Warren hooks up with Jessica while Dennis gets along with Valerie, his girlfriend. The love between the characters is young, free, wild and careless. Jessica and Warren have sex yet they do not have a long standing chemistry. Dennis is rude to her girlfriend on the phone yet he claims to love her. The characters are bound with a love that gets characterized by experimentation with drugs. ‘Sex without love’ is a poem by Sharon Old. In the poem, the poet tries to understand how

Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literacy - Essay Example Functional literacy's popularity, that since formulations by UNESCO in the 1940s is based upon the assumption that it is of great practical importance as it enables access to work and economic security. Functional literacy occupies a place at the low extreme of a literacy continuum on which cultural and critical forms of literacy occupy the high extreme. High forms of literacy are associated with high order cognition (abstraction, logical reasoning, simultaneous consideration of several ideas and wisdom beyond knowledge) but significant ideological differences separate cultural literacy and critical literacy (McLaren, 2001). Cultural literacy is a contemporary version of the classical paradigm in that it focusses upon the transmission of mainstream linguistic and cultural knowledge. Critical literacy is a refinement and extension of the progressive paradigm and is concerned with 'decoding the ideological dimensions of texts, institutions, social practices and cultural forms such as television and film, in order to reveal their selective interests' (McLaren, 2001: p. 213). Within the critical paradigm, attention is given to reading, writing, spelling, grammar, punctuation, speaking, listening, viewing, etc. only in so far as they enable one to use language critically and intentionally to serve one's own purposes. The term of 'literacy' has been chosen for a number

Methods of communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Methods of communication - Essay Example As for culture, this has been characterized as ‘a shared system of symbols, beliefs, attitudes, values, expectations, and norms of behavior; it refers to coherent groups of people whether resident wholly or partly within state territories or existing without residence in any particular territory’. In accordance with the above definition, culture can be a severe obstacle to communication in case that the attitudes or the values of the people involved are different. The elimination of this differentiation is a task that requires a significant amount of time and intensive effort by the interested parties – with no guarantee that the relevant attempt will be successful. In fact the study of Lalonde et al. showed that there are ‘predicted differences in beliefs about PC between members of social groups based on gender ideology and sexual orientation while more conservative views (e.g. right-wing authoritarianism, modem prejudice) would be associated with a belief in a PC movement and endorsement of a PC crusader stereotype’. In other words, political correctness is very likely to operate as a barrier to communication attempts – though this assumption could be more applicable when referring to groups than to individuals. In the same way, personal tendencies can be a barrier to communication especially under the influence of the following circumstances: a) a negative event of the past leads the person to avoid communication, b) the person’s environment (family, school) does not promote communication and so on.

Implementation of Basel II in Europe Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Implementation of Basel II in Europe - Thesis Example The basic aim of this approach is to ensure that the banks and financial institutions must maintain financial soundness and retain the consumer confidence in order to ensure the stability of the financial system and protect the interests of the deposit holders. With these perspectives in mind, Bank of International Settlement formed a Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in 1974 to provide a comprehensive forum for dealing with banking matters of such magnitude. The Basel Committee is made up of senior officials responsible for banking supervision or financial stability issues in central banks and other authorities in charge of the prudential supervision of banking businesses. Members of the Basel Committee come from Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the US. This essay will discuss the implementation process of Basel II in Europe besides discussing some of the challenges and aspects that may raise tensions while implementing the accord in Europe. However, before exploring the issue of the implementation of the BASEL II accord, we will be discussing some of the key issues and points raised by BASEL II in order to implement it in true spirit. Before discussing the BASEL II and its implementation in Europe, it is necessary that a view must be taken in order to provide a historical account of the process of BASEL II implementation in Europe and rest of the world. Bank of international Settlements was established in Basel, Switzerland in 1930 and is considered as the world’s oldest international financial institution. It remains the principal center of international central bank corporations around the world. The BIS was formed as a result of the treaty of Versailles which ended the First World War and BIS was basically established for repatriation

English 101 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English 101 - Essay Example The current American white family is an excellent example of the modern nuclear family with least dependence on the extended family; and the Africans, Latinos and Hispanics residing in America still depend on their extended families for emotional, financial and child care support (He, Sengupta, Velkoff & DeBarros 27). Contrary to general belief that modern nuclear families tend to be the most supportive, Gerstel and Sarkisian in ‘The colour of family ties’, try to portray a different picture; exerting that colored families signify a better representation of family support. The authors in ‘color of family ties’ found that ‘Social class rather than cultures is the key to understanding the differences in extending family ties and behaviors between whites and ethnic minorities’ (Gerstel and Sarkisian 450). Gary Soto in ‘Looking for work’ also presents its readers with a brilliant example of family support and cooperation among colored f amilies. ‘Looking for work’ depicts a family that is far more financially supportive than the white nuclear families or the family depicted in ‘An Indian Story’ by Roger Jack. Sotto depicts a family that is living day-in and day-out through the same financial conditions. The life is seen though the eyes of a Mexican child, who gets his ideas of a perfect life from watching the program ‘Father knows best’ and ‘Leave it to beaver’. Believing that money can solve all their problems and make them happy and accepted by the society like in the TV program (rpr190); he does jobs for people, cleaning their gardens and flower beds, in the hope to earn that extra ‘dime that would end the day right’ (Soto 4). The child also has a limited view of being wealthy due to his circumstances as the child says that ‘I decided to become wealthy, and right away! After downing a bowl of cereal, I took a rake from the garage and started up the block to look for work’ (Soto 1). He believes that by working hard doing petty jobs he can change the circumstances of his family and that too quickly. The father in ‘an Indian story’ ‘makes good money’ (Jack 453) due to which the author is not worried about any financial problems and does not address the financial condition further. The family in ‘Looking for work’ supports each other through rough and lonely times. The mother of the three children does not marry and prefers taking care of the children herself, so that they may not suffer any trauma. The father in an Indian story remarries despite the fact that his new wife has a son and both the step brothers fight a lot. The writer says that ‘he married a half-breed Indian and this made me feel very uncomfortable’ (Jack 454). The child although is disturbed by his mother’s death, the father remarries thinking only of himself, and the child is also not happy with his father’s remarriage. The lack of understanding and consideration on the part of his father makes the boy run away from his home. The family in ‘looking for work’, have come to celebrate each day and every meal they get, although it is the same meal. They are not bothered about the heat and dismal conditions in which they live, they celebrate the family being together at meal times. As the child says that, ‘we sat to eat our beans and tortillas in the stifling heat of our kitchen. We all gleamed like

Ambassador for Ethopia paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ambassador for Ethopia - Term Paper Example Religious allegiances of Ethiopian population are generally mixed, with Orthodox Christianity being followed by 43,5% of religious population, with different forms of Islamic faith (33,9%) and Protestant Christian churches (18,6%) being the second and the third most popular confessions, respectively (â€Å"Ethiopia†, 2011). As regards population density, it should be noted that it amounts to 186/sq. mi, and therefore Ethiopia ranks as the 123rd by population density among the nations of the world. The annual population growth of Ethiopia exceeds 3.194%, with 42.99 births/1,000 population (â€Å"Ethiopia†, 2011). This would make Ethiopia 8th among the world’s countries by population growth and 6th by birth rate, respectively. Total fertility rate equals 6,02 children born/woman. However, the extremely high infant mortality level (77.12 deaths/1,000 live births) definitely presents a difficulty to further demographic development and stabilization of the country, wh ile life expectancy at birth amounts to mere 56.19 years (â€Å"Ethiopia†, 2011).

Annotated Bibliography (rough draft) Essay Example for Free

Annotated Bibliography (rough draft) Essay In the passage â€Å"Shitty First Drafts† by Anne Lamott from Bird by Bird, the author promotes that â€Å"shitty first drafts† are the key to most successful pieces of writing. Lamott indicates that most writers have â€Å"shitty first drafts† and that â€Å"all good writers write them†(21.) In order to have a good piece of writing one must vomit all of their ideas onto paper. Lamott’s friend calls it the down draft (25.) In this draft you should get all your thoughts down, even if you sound like a child (22. ) The first draft isn’t going to make much sense but it doesn’t matter because no one is going to see it(23.) With this â€Å"down draft† you can edit it and organize your thoughts into the up draft (25.) â€Å"The up draft† is where you take all the good things from â€Å"the down draft† and write an organized draft that makes much more sense. â€Å"You try to say what you have to say more accurately†(25.) After that comes he dental draft, a draft where you nit-pick and refine every aspect of the writing, like how a dentist would â€Å"check every tooth, to see if it were loose or cramped or decayed†(25,26.) Hopefully the final product is a â€Å"healthy† piece of writing. Lamott successfully argued that a â€Å"shitty first draft† is the beginning to a great piece of writing so you just â€Å"need to start somewhere†(25,26.)

Causes and effects of international labour mobility

Causes and effects of international labour mobility Introduction Globalisation is the process of intensified international competition and trade. It enables the movement of goods, production factors, labour and technology across borders. If countries use their resources efficiently then globalisation can also enhance growth and social welfare. This depends on how much competition there is and a country has to have a certain stability and mobility of labour and resources for production. The common trade theory suggests that globalisation will equalise the prices of products and costs of production and free trade will lead to a more efficient allocation of resources. It is also beneficial for the customer since free trade suggests high competition and therefore companies will be able to offer low prices to their customers. This seems to be the case in the long run but problems that arise in the short run include high unemployment and income inequalities. Globalisation is an ongoing process that has been around for quite some time now. EU firms can o ffshore many tasks which were never possible before. This also means that international competition is completely changing and going through a transformation. Competition took place mainly between firms or different industries in different countries, however now since a lot of firms go abroad for their production, because it is cheaper, competition takes place between individual workers that use similar skills for their tasks in different countries, so they no longer compete within a nation. This of course can be beneficial for some workers but can also harm other workers. Europe is exactly facing this problem at the moment and this paper will focus on the impact globalisation has on the low skilled workers and income inequalities in Europe. European Globalisation trends Globalisation is taking place in nearly every country on the planet, but it has different effects on different nations. Trade expansion in Europe seems to be proceeding at a rapid paste, especially trade with low wage countries. Due to immense improvements in technology, transportation and communication, it is now a lot easier to handle the production process and this might have caused some firms to move parts of their production process to other nations. Offshoring and outsourcing are the common terms used when companies move their production process abroad. There are many reasons for why companies move to other nations for production. But the main reasons could be because it is cheaper to produce in less developed countries, firms only have to pay low wages and get a better output than in the home country. Especially labour intensive goods are shipped to less developed countries because there are more people that would do the job for less money. Therefore globalisation seems to hav e a negative effect on employment, especially low skilled labour. Since a lot of firms moved their production abroad and the ones that didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t only employ high skilled labour, it makes it even harder for the low skilled labour to find employment. New technologies also lead to higher unemployment rates among low skilled workers, because the low skilled workers that used to have a job are no either replaced by new technological advancements or by high skilled labour. Overall one could say that globalisation lead to a high demand for skilled labour and on the other side a rise in unemployment among low skilled workers. EU trade In Europe most of the countries are part of the EU, which has special trade agreements. Trade among industrialised countries differs significantly from trade with the developing world. This is mainly due to the fact that industrialised countries are relatively similar, in the sense that they use similar production technologies and have similar factor endowments, so one could say that they produce pretty similar goods. Trade between them therefore mainly exists among industries. So countries would import and export products from the same industry sector. For example Germany exports their yogurts brands and France French yogurts to Germany. These goods are similar because they are both yogurts but they have different tastes and characteristics, that is why these countries trade. It is the same with cars, Germany sells German cars to France and France sells French cars to Germany. Trade among industrialised and developing countries is different. Countries export goods belonging to one s ector and import goods belonging to another sector. Germany would for instance export Volkswagens to China and import rice or computers in exchange. Theoretical approach Comparative advantage Ricardian model Globalisation leads to increased trade amongst countries. Countries usually produce goods where it is the cheapest to produce them. Krugman discussed this in Chapter 3, if free trade exists with countries that pay low wages then this will harm the country that pays high wages. In the end the consumer profits from this because if firms have low production costs then they are able to offer the products at a lower price. And the producer benefits from a higher income if he uses his resources more efficiently. Krugman gave an example of this where W represents the wage rate in the home country W* represents the wage rate in the foreign country And the home countries unit labour requirement for good i is aLi, and the unit labour required for good i of the foreign country is a*Li. Now if WaLi < W*a*Li then the home country will produce the good I because it is cheaper, as wages are less at home. Or if the relative productivity of a country is higher than the wages, then the good will be produced in that country. This can be calculated as a*Li / aLi > W / W*. So overall if a country produces the good that uses the resources most efficiently then trade will be beneficial for that country. EU Unemployment To explain why Europe is facing this high unemployment ratio one has to look at the relative wages. This can easily be determined by looking at the relative demand and supply of labour services. If W / W* rises then the relative demand for home labour services will fall. If the home country would produce goods with expensive labour services then this can have a huge impact on society. Because it means that production costs are high as the producer has to pay high wages and therefore he canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t offer the final goods at an attractive price. If nobody buys the products because they are too expensive then the demand for labour services will go down too. This can also lead to fewer goods being produced at home because costs are too high, which will lead to a further reduction in demand for labour services in the home country. The Ricardian model only focuses on the productivity of labour across countries. According to this model a country gains from Trade if a country has a comparative advantage in producing a specific good. If the country produces the good it has a comparative advantage in, then it is able to use all its resources more efficiently and will gain more from producing this good. So here this model shows that overall if a country trades according to rules mentioned above, then the relative price of the good will increase, wages will increase and the producer is able to offer the good at a lower price so therefore even the consumer profits from it. Heckscher Ohlin Samuelson Model The Ricardian Model suggests differences in productivity of labour between nations cause productive differences. The Heckscher Ohlin model suggests that there are other factors of production between different countries, not just differences in productivity of labour, that cause differences in production. Usually the price of a good should be the same as its production costs, and the production costs also depend on how much wages they have to pay and the lending/renting rate of land. Changes in lending rates can affect the final price of a product, depending on how intensively you use land in production. For example if there are two products cloth and food, cloth is labour intensive and food is land intensive. If lending rates for land increase then this should have a bigger affect on the price of food than the price of cloth, because the production of food requires more land than the production of clothes. Heckscher Ohlin model also suggests that an economy will be efficient at producing goods that are intensive in the factors of production in which the country has a lot of. Just suppose the domestic country has an abundant amount of labour relative to land. This suggests that domestic country is abundant in labour and the foreign country is abundant in land. Likewise, the domestic country is scarce in land and the foreign country is scarce in labour. Because the domestic country is abundant in labour it would be very good at producing cloth, as cloth production is very labour intensive. The foreign country on the other hand should produce food as it is abundant in land and the production of food is very land intensive.(64-68) With trade the relative price of cloth should rise in the labour abundant country which is the domestic country, and should fall in the labour scarce country which is the foreign country. According to the Heckscher Ohlin Model, in the domestic country the rise in the relative price of cloth leads to a rise in the relative production of cloth and a decrease in the relative consumption of cloth. The same will happen to food in foreign economy. So what will happen is that the domestic country will become an exporter of cloth and an importer of food. And the foreign country will import cloth and export food. So one could say that a company would be very good at producing the goods that are intensive in its abundant factors, this just means a country produces the goods it has a comparative advantage in. And likewise a country should export goods that are intensive in its abundant factors of production and should import goods that are in its scarce factors of production. (58-63). To explain the wage inequalities among European low skilled workers one has to understand The Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson factor endowment model. This model predicts that trade among different countries derives from differing factor endowments across nations. This model looks at different countries that are trading with each other and these countries are also on the same technological level, which just means that they use the same technologies in their production process for both products. The production process for both goods in this case, requires two different inputs, this could be high skilled labour for one country and low skilled labour for the other country. For example, the production of one of the goods, for instance computers, requires more high skilled labour, while the production of the other good, for instance cloth, needs more low skilled labour. It is assumed that one of the two countries is relatively well equipped with either low skilled labour or high skilled labour, for instance Europe is equipped with relative large amounts of high skilled labour and the foreign country is relatively well equipped with low skilled labour. Usually when two countries trade industrialised countries have more high skilled labour and the developing countries have more low skilled labour. The Heckscher Ohlin theory in this case suggests that industrialised countries like Europe would export computers and the developing foreign country Europe is trading with should export cloth. The outcome would be that the relative price of cloth would fall in the industrialised country, but would do exactly the opposite in the developing country, the relative price would increase. This would lead to changes in wage distribution; low skilled labour in the industrialised country such as Europe would decline relative to the wages of high skilled labour. This can be explained because globalisation increased trade among countries and enabled countries access to products that were produced abroad, furthermore this implies that through trade the relative supply of low skilled labour has increased. According to this theory, inter -industry trade would as a result have the effect of increased wage inequality in industrialised countries like Europe, while inequality should decrease in developing countries. (58-61) Overall it seems as if owners of abundant factors gain with trade and owners of scarce factors lose. This model assumes that after international trade factor prices will be equal in both countries. This just means that once the domestic country which has a higher ratio of labour to land than the foreign country trade with each other, the wage rate and the lending/renting rate of land are the same in both countries. But that is not the case with every country that trades because labour moves around and usually both countries are not exactly the same in terms of infrastructure, technology and communication as the Heckscher Ohlin model suggests (68-69). Because ever changing differences in relative product prices has a large effect on the relative earnings of resources, and with trade the relative price also changes, so trade has a negative impact on income distribution. Causes and effects of international Labour mobility (chapter 7) p154 Heckscher Ohlin model focuses on trade as an explanation of bringing together factor prices, and capital / labour movements have similar effects. Capital tends to move from high wage countries to low wage countries. However labour migrates from low wage to high wage countries. Workers usually move to foreign countries in order to get paid more. Krugman suggested that labour will migrate to countries with higher labour productivity and higher real wages. And he further states that due to immigration wages will fall and due to emigration real wages should increase. If wages do not fall despite immigration, employers have no incentive to create additional jobs, and the immigration and this causes unemployment. Due to the fact that countries do not produce the same goods, due to differences in technology and due to immigration barriers, real wages across countries will never be equal (156-157). Companies in Europe which is considered an industrialised country will outsource those activities that use a large amount of unskilled labour. Moving these activities abroad would then lead to a decrease in the relative demand for low skilled labour in Europe within each industry. This means that outsourcing has a similar effect on reducing the demand for low skilled labour relative to high skilled labour within an industry, as does skill-biased technological change. Technological advancements and wages Skill-biased technological change reduced the demand for unskilled workers leading to higher long-term unemployment among low skilled workers in Europe. So low skilled workers would have to receive training in order to retain a job. At the same time, international outsourcing also leads to a shift in relative demand for labour. Firms outsource the low skill intensive parts of production and therefore increase the relative demand for skilled labour. Technological advancements also enabled companies across the world to better communicate with each other. Fast communication is a key factor when you are trading. Better infrastructure and more ways of transportation also enabled and increased trade among different countries. Benefits from globalisation According to the traditional trade theory globalization will equalize the price of products and production factors. Free trade will lead to a more efficient allocation of world resources as competition will shift production to the producers with the lower production cost. This more efficient allocation of resources will boost growth with positive effects on social welfare. Innovation and increased international competition can lead higher productivity, higher wages and improved living standards. Consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ welfare will improve due to a decrease in prices. However, the fall in prices relies on the level of competition in the product markets. Conclusion If economies have different capital/labour ratios, free factor mobility will encourage capital (labour) to move from the economies with a high (low) capital/labour ratio to those in which capital (labour) is relatively scarce. This process will affect the distribution of income since it will increase the relative income of capital (labour) in the countries initially with a high (low) capital/labour ratio. As globalization accelerates further, both costs and benefits will tend to raise while costs such as higher unemployment and income inequality will be concentrated in the short run while benefits in the form of lower prices, higher productivity and income will only occur later on.

Analysis of IT Requirements for Pharmaceutical Business

Analysis of IT Requirements for Pharmaceutical Business Project Title Analyzing the IT requirement and developing software for a small pharmaceutical wholesaler working in India. Abstract The aim of this project is to enhance the effectiveness of pharmaceutical whole sale business in India. It is to investigate various ways of developing software for businesses in the pharmaceutical sector. This project will investigate domain-specific requirements for billing, stock maintenance, customer services; keep track of drug licenses and retail pharmaceuticals in India. And develop a software system to automate wholesale pharmaceutical company in order bring effectiveness and productivity, profitability into business. Introduction Pharmacy is a domain, which has already shown lot of growth in India. As of now when we consider, it is still fast growing field when compared with other fields. â€Å"Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceutical Works† is the first Indian pharmaceutical company. This company exists even now and operating in government sector. It was established in 1930. Since then most of the time India imported drugs from other countries. It happened for around 60 years. Later on in India, the government started helping pharmacy industries to see what they are today. At present there are many laws that govern pharmaceutical companies and drugs in India. There are some patent related rights. As of now Indian pharmaceutical industry is doing well and recognized by the world. It is having good share in the world market. In India around 20000 drug manufacturers exist. As peripheral outfits, medical wholesalers, retailers, dealers started growing. In this backdrop, the aim of this project is to enhance the effectiveness of pharmaceutical whole sale business in India. It is to investigate various ways of developing software for businesses in the pharmaceutical sector. Information Technology is best used in pharmacy to increase effectiveness in the business systems. It could be used at various levels including whole sale market of the pharmacy industry. It promotes new ways of working and making business. It ensures quality of services thereby increasing overall productivity of business systems. There are some areas that have great impact on this industry by using Information Technology. When it comes the theme of this project that is increasing the effectiveness of drugs wholesalers by adopting Information Technology as the main instrument to provide quality of service to its customers and get maximum profits out of it. The main purpose of using such software is to improve the performance, transparency, consistency in the system. It is difficult to do many things manual. The manual system has the following drawbacks. Time consumption Error prone Less profitability Less customer satisfaction Provided the above drawbacks of manual system, if the same is automated we can reap the following benefits. The benefits of using such Information Systems can strengthen the pharmaceutical industry in India. Wholesalers in this field are important part of such businesses. It is not like taking care of one business. It is like taking care of complete chain of businesses. We should have good supply chain mechanism that works with co-ordination by all business partners. The wholesalers provide both stocking and distribution functionalities. They enable customers to get products easily whenever required. There must be trade association between manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers in order to provide in time and quality service to its consumers. The pharmaceutical wholesalers can also sale other related to products not only medicines. Other products related to medicine they can have some business. They can also provide technical information to people. They are equipped with the knowledge of various drugs and how to handle them and use them. One fine thing about pharmaceutical industry is that they are controlled by the government. This paves way to good and healthy nature among the companies that are into this market. Small and medium software systems can help wholesalers and business holders provide good service to their respective customers. Customer satisfaction is the key for any business to grow. For this we have got new subjects like â€Å"Customer Relationship Management† (CRM) and eCRM. The wholesalers could be a part of SCM (Supply Chain Management). In this case they can use the common software for entire chain. Or else they can have different software with heterogeneous nature and still work under common interfaces. They can work together to achieve the business goals of business partners. Once again I reiterate that Information Technology is best used in pharmacy to increase effectiveness in the business systems. It could be used at various levels including whole sale market of the pharmacy industry. It promotes new ways of working and making business. It ensures quality of services thereby increasing overall productivity of business systems. There are some areas that have great impact on this industry by using Information Technology. Client Background Padma Agencies is the pharmaceutical business wholesaler. Its business is located in Koti, Hyderabad, India. The shop area is 12*20 sqft space. Total staff is 10 members, in these 2 members fill the stock, 2 members writing bills, 1 member collecting cash, 5 members to save and packing all to customers. They dont have any problem in serving customers. Mostly the time is wasting at billing and calculating and at cash point because the calculating and billing is manually, so at cash point he must check the items and price and total again by manually due to containing the correct prices are available for customer or not. Here price can vary by mistakes. More Details of Example Company No data base is used to maintain the stock. There are different types of products and number of companies. The company salesmen (i.e., PG, Nestle, Cadbury, etc) come to the shop and check the quantity with help of staff member and place an order for stock to them by guessing the quantity. Expiry and damage stock will be replaced by company, if the staff can find it and hand over to company. Some products (i.e., summer products, rainy products, winter products) maintain heavy stock by their seasons and demanding products. Payments All the payments done by cash and cheques on company name. If shop had a credit to particular company the M.D doesnt receive original receipt. The shop keeper get the original bill after he clear the payment, up to they had a duplicate. Customer Placing Order Customer visit with order form Customer can order by phone. Delivery Pickup the order forms from customers and serve the items to customer, after calculating manually and payment Taking the order from phone and packed in a handled care boxes and delivery by using transport facility. Payment Methods These shops accept by cash, cheques and D.D only. Selling The goods are sale only who have a drug license No(i.e., only for Retail Pharmaceuticals) Every product had a price on them i.e., called maximum retail price (M.R.P.). Present Mode of Operation They are selling all the products by whole sale price, now the present system is totally manually i.e. billing on a paper and calculating with calculators, stock maintenance is just by guessing. Price checking is maintain in a book and items are 6000-8000 different types of items they maintaining. Daily Maintenance In the company they are maintaining ten employees, 1 M.D, 1 assist manager. In these shops the customers are visit in 4-500 hundreds per day. The salesmans sales the goods only for whom having a drug license, so, here the customer should have a drug license number to buy any product in the shop. Selling Daily A customer comes with an order form containing of items, sizes and quantity. The present system is manual and has the following drawbacks. Is a semi-automated at where the information is stored in the form of excel sheets in disk drives. The information storage and maintenance is more critical in this system. Tracking the salesman activities, customer activities and progress of the work is a complex operation. Existing system cannot provide the facility of accepting cheques. Very less security because of file systems. Very less customer satisfaction as quality of service is less. Time consuming process because of manual report generation. Management of stocks may not be accurate. Prediction of drugs demand, based on seasons is complex. Placing of orders through phone and home delivery is not possible. This system cannot provide the information sharing by 247 days. Literature Review India Pharmaceutical Industry Richard Gerster said â€Å"The Indian pharmaceutical industry is a success story providing employment for millions and ensuring that essential drugs at affordable prices are available to the vast population of this sub-continent.†India is a country in which it is proven that growth of pharmaceutical science, manufacturing and wholesaling is more. Across the country there are about 20,000 manufacturing units. The drug control authority in India gives licenses to drug manufacturers. India has quality producers who complete with world giants in the same industry. It is made possible as India has advantages in terms of good and skilled man power, excellent and cost-effective chemical synthesis, and good financial and legal framework which will ensure faster growth in the industry, very good strength in information technology usage, globalization, and good opportunities for foreign investors in this sector. As can be seen in the above table large share of revenue is generated by pharmaceutical industry in India. The table also shows the companies that stand top 10 positions. The future growth of India pharmaceutical sector is shown in the following diagram. Indian pharmaceutical industry has been witnessing a phenomenal growth in recent years. With low-cost manufacturing, most of small firms they dont have their own production facilities but they operate using the spare capacity of another company drug manufactures. High quality research, personal education and the facilities of manufacturing the Indian pharmaceuticals industry presents a competitive thread. The Indian pharmaceutical industry has got first in the Indian science based technologies with their wide range of capabilities in the complex of drugs manufacturing and technology. It is a highly organized sector worth to be a $4.5 billions and increasing the profitability with 8 to 9 percentage annually. Indian pharmaceutical industry placed before than all in terms of quality, technology, and the range of medicine manufactured. It is manufacturing every type of medicine for a small things to sophisticated antibiotics. In the development of medicines Indian Pharmaceutical Industry playing a key role and it fallows the quality procedures by regulatory authorities in U.S.A and U.K. Many international companies are associated with this sector and these companies are assisted and stimulated for past more than 50 years and helps to India keep on the pharmaceuticals world. It is extremely fragmented with more than 20000 registered units and growing drastically in the last two decades. Only the leading 250 companies are getting 70 percentage of market with market leader holding 7% of the market share. With demanding of tablets, capsules, orals, bulk drugs, drug intermediates and pharmaceutical formulations, Indian pharmaceutical sector meets over 70% of the countries demands. In India there is 5 central public units, 250 large units and nearly 8000 small scale sector units. The Indian pharmaceutical industry has low costs of production, low RD costs, innovation of scientific manpower, strength of laboratories and increasing balance of trade. The pharmaceutical company is going on the international market with its rich scientific talent and research capabilities. The domestic pharma industry: The domestic pharma industry has recently achieved some historic milestones through a leadership position and global assessment. Many Indian companies maintained amazing standards and stability, environmental production and supply of bulk drugs to some innovate companies. More of Indian companies are now seeking regulatory approvals in USA in specialized segments. Increasing number of Indian pharmaceutical companies have been getting international regulatory approvals for their plants. Indian companies are now seeking more abbreviated new drug approvals in USA in specialized segments. Growth of Indian market: In the year of 2009 Indian pharmacy was assessed $7,743m which increments of 4% than 2007u.Business observers decided that India has made good percentage than other international companies. It is also appearing as a preferred location for pharmaceutical companies. India is the world fourth largest producer of pharmaceuticals in volume. And it increases the productivity indirectly. Indian pharmaceutical industry reached us$10.88 billion and it is likely to becomes double in volume that is us$20.95 billion in 2014. Globalization of Indian pharmaceutical industry: In the early of 1990s the Indian government has opened its market to foreign investments and started the globalization. Indian pharmacy sector globalization took place with the other countries entered into this sector. Globalization has increased the world in recent years due to rapid progress especially in communications and transport. The various advantages of globalization is it brought huge amount of foreign currency into industry and turn to boost up India. With many foreign companies entering in Indian pharmacy sector, it increase the jobs availability in India. The benefits of Indian pharmaceutical globalization is, many of the foreign international companies entering into India and brought with a highly equipment technology and it improves the medicines quality and that were available to the people. Many Indian pharmaceutical companies took over international companies to grow up and for more profits. There are some disadvantages also appearing in globalization of Indian pharmacy that there may be increase the competition between foreign pharmaceutical companies and domestic companies. This will result that the profits may decrease and companies may shut-down. And one more disadvantage is many of the foreign pharmacy companies are taking over the domestic companies which happened already. This may led to fear that foreign companies will take over the Indian pharmacy companies. And many of employees lost their jobs by the company integrations. Advantage in India: India posses a skillful work force with high technical and as well as managerial competence. The track record of development and cost-schedule synthesis for various drug molecules are excellent. Legal framework is also good in India, financial market is also good. It has a good network of world most educational institutes. The country is committed to a free market economy and globalization. after many years international pharmaceutical industry has discovered many opportunities in India. Future of pharmaceutical sector: The future of pharmaceutical sector in India is extremely good and positive. Several Indian companies are acquiring US Europe companies and several more are raising funds to do so. India has began recognizing global patents. In future Indian pharmacy going to be an unbeatable position in Pharmacy. It is one of the fastest growing sector in India. Market for pharmaceuticals in India has strong potential for increased growth. Generic drugs produced in India being accepted worldwide. Global pharmaceutical companies dealing a long term relationships with India. View of pharmaceutical sector: As in the present scenario only few people can afford costly medicines which has improved price sensitivity in the market. That is the reason most of the companies introducing the high quality medicines with low price drugs for giving the competition to other industries. With product patent act which takes place in January 2005, the Indian pharmaceutical industry is attracted the MNCs to India. At present most of the Indian companies are looking forward to tie up with foreign industries for in-licensed drugs. Contract research and pharmaceutical outsourcing are the new events in Indian pharmacy market. Indian multinational companies have created awareness about Indian market in world pharmacy industries. Legislative Framework Pertaining To Manufacture and Sale of Drugs in India In the early 1990s, the drug industry in India was negligible and used to import drugs from other countries. Later the Indian government understood the situation and decided to introduce laws related to drug manufacturing and distribution. Gradually it ensured that industry is growing faster and introduced many other laws that govern the industry. At present in India the following acts and rules are present to control the manufacture, import, export and clinical research of medicines and cosmetics in India. The drugs and cosmetics act, 1940 The pharmacy act, 1948 The drugs and magic remedies act, 1954 The narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances act, 1985 The medical and toilet preparations act, 1956 The drugs order, 1995 Academic Literature in on Requirements Analysis for Small Business Systems Pertaining to Pharmacy Information Technology is best used in pharmacy to increase effectiveness in the business systems. It could be used at various levels including whole sale market of the pharmacy industry. It promotes new ways of working and making business. It ensures quality of services thereby increasing overall productivity of business systems. There are some areas that have great impact on this industry by using Information Technology. They are: Electronic transfer of prescriptions Hospital e-prescribing Information governance The electronic prescriptions between prescribers and pharmacists improve the efficiency and quality of service. It allows various fragments of pharmacy related systems get connected seamlessly. The hospital e-prescribing programmed is used to support chain of activities like prescription, administration and supply of medicines. Information sharing is also possible among health related systems in the world. Known Issues that Affect Pharmaceutical Business There is an improving pressure on Pharmaceutical and bio-technology companies to use information technology in order to achieve their business goals. Areas in Health Care industry such as drug development, molecular research, formulary acceptance, detailing, contract sales, whole sailing has been affected by the rapid growth of IT industry The competition in the industry is comparing to be the best or second in the fray. Every area of pharmacy industry is affected by the influence of science and technology and organizations are compelled to take the help of IT at least to remain in the industry There are some issues related to laws of Indian government. The industry must stick to the acts/rules imposed by government. Such rules may be changing from time to time. Answer to many of these issues is in the ability of companies pertaining to pharmaceutical utilizing the full power of Information Technology to leverage its profitability. The information related challenges can be overcome by using Information Technology in bio technology and pharmacy. More about Pharmaceutical Industry in India The government of India has been very supportive for drug Industry in the country. The government has been giving many benefits to the pharmaceutical companies in India. They are given land for establishing company and also tax benefits related to business. The Indian government not only encouraging the companies in India, it also helped many foreign investors muster their funds and invest in India in the industry of pharmaceuticals. In the process of improvement this industry has faced many challenges too. The problems like lack of funding for beginners, difficulty in getting funds from government. The biochemical industry is uncertain. Another important problem faced by Indian pharmaceutical companies in the early stages for long time was that â€Å"lack of skilled human resources†. Of course this is there in all industries to some extent. Indian companies overcame such problems and now having a very good share in the world pharmaceutical business. Functional Requirements of Proposed System for Padma Agencies Maintenance of customer details. Stock maintenance. Billing. Order details. Keeping track of drug licenses. Predicting the future demands of the retailers based on the seasons. Ordering of goods through phone and home delivery is possible. Online ordering of goods. Customized report generation. The functional requirements are classified into the following modules Stock Maintenance Ordering Billing Stock Maintenance Module This module is responsible for complete stock maintenance. It takes care of complete inventory of medicines and related products. It can generate reports as per the stock status. As things are sold the changes in the physical store is reflected in this inventory. Ordering Module In this module all the work related to ordering of goods is done. Placing orders by predicting the behavior of the retailers and the customers. It takes care of orders sent by its retail customers. It is also responsible to generate reports related to orders received from its customers and order made to pharmacy manufacturers. Billing Module When the system is started, it should authenticate user before providing its functionalities The output bill should appear as containing the shop name, address, phone number and drug license no. It contains which system i.e. (system 1, system 2,etc), billing staff id, name, bill no(transaction number), time, date, receipt type (original, duplicate, refund, void item, void transaction, etc), quantity, product name price per single and total price quantity, and the end grand total for all products , if vat is applicable then vat summary. Salesman is the person who involves in bill preparation, report generation for the current stocks maintained and tracking the drug licenses of the retailers. It is responsible for billing activities for the licensed customers. It does mean that the retail businesses that contain a valid drug license are allowed to buy pharmacy products from this store. System Requirements Thorough understanding of the system in terms of technologies required warrants that the following are the software and hardware requirements to build this system. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Operating System : Windows XP/2000/2003/Vista Technology : Core Java, JDBC, Swings (JDK 1.5/1.6) Database Server : Oracle 9i/10G HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS Processor : Pentium based systems with a minimum of P4 RAM : 256MB (minimum) Research Methodology Case 1: Standard labeling rules when dispensing medicines. Interfacing with a standard accounting package. Providing links to manufacturers web pages about specific products. Drug wholesalers websites to get some ideas? Standard Labeling Rules When Dispensing Medicines: A system for automated dispensing of a packaged pharmaceutical comprising good medicine labeling standards is vital to ensure the safe use of medicines. The intention of this study is to evaluate and compare compliance towards labeling standard for dispensed medications between community pharmacists and general practitioners. The medicines for human use Regulations 1994 specify the requirements for the labeling of relevant medical products which are supplied to patients. Dispensed medicines would normally require being added number of details at the time of supply. But much of the information about medicines will be available on the label of hospital manufacturing unit. The regulations has amended to allow for a reduced dispensing label requirement to cover the patient name, date of dispensing , dose or volume , direction to use and cautionary steps to follow. The medical product has to be prepared or dispensed in accordance with the prescription by the given practitioner. The assembled product is for retail supply or circumstances corresponding to retail supply. The assembled product must be sold from that pharmacy or at any other registered pharmacy forming part of the same retail pharmacy business. The assembled product cannot be advertised. The over label must not obscure the printed text of a licensed pack in any way. The label has to apply to the blank area designated on the original pack for the dispensing label. In cases where an original pack does not have provision for a dispensing label, the over label should be firmly attached to the pack in a manner that is easily readable and does not obscure the licensed text nor interfere with the safe and effective use of the medicine. Original packs over labeled in accordance with these principles may be supplied direct to hospital pharmacies, health centers etc without the necessity for formal variation of the Marketing Authorization by the Marketing Authorization holder. Breaking bulk (manufacturers original pack) will require a variation to the respective Marketing Authorization. It would be normally good practice to add the date of the supply; it can be form as a following diagram. The dispensed container should me labeled with the following information Practice name, address and 24 hour telephone number(s). hould specify the intended users. Client name, patient name and client address also. Purpose of the drug prescription, Drug name and Strength. Number if tables or volume in case of liquid. Date dispensed. Direction for use like dose, frequency and method taking the drug. Relevant information and warnings, and the process of preventing the danger if the drug has taken accidentally. Labeling of investigational medicines This paragraph is about the standard labeling for the investigational products which are used in clinical trials. The trail has to be conducted within the Member states conducted by study. The planning of trail doesnt require any particular manufacturing. The normal dispensing label would be of the form as shown below In addition to this quantity of dose (number of tables/capsules) is also to be added. It can also include Name of sponsor, means name research organization /investigator. Trail reference code specifying the identification of the trail site. It would contain the information on the product, dosage, storage conditions, and batch number etc. Interfacing With a Standard Accounting Package The pharmaceutical wholesaler â€Å"Padma Agencies† can have its account part integrated with some standard accounting packages already available in the market instead of reinventing the wheel again. At present its mode of payment is as shown below. Payments All the payments done by cash and cheques on company name. If shop had a credit to particular company the M.D doesnt receive original receipt. The shop keeper get the original bill after he clear the payment, up to they had a duplicate. Instead of making all the modules in the pharmaceutical application, the application can be integrated with a standard account package. All the functionalities provided by accounting packages can be reused if we can seamlessly integrate our application with that. This is possible provided standard interfaces given by the accounting packages vendors that support integration with the applications developed in other languages. This integrates accounting, accounts receivable, and inventory management systems, which allows the distributor headquarters to operate with minimal staffing. Each step of the process is self-contained and modular allowing rapid and flexible geographic expansion. Web Links to Drug Manufactures From the application we can provide the web links to different manufacturing companies across the world. So if some specific product is not available from local market that should be purchased from the manufacturing company. For that if required product has selected and makes a request than the manufacturing company web site will be explored. Pharmaceutical involves manufacturing of drugs and equipments in healthcare. Development of drugs is a costly process in pharmaceutical. And the drug producing companies should have commercial license for research and development according to the rules and regulations of the drug license standard body. And distribution and marketing is also a vital role. The pharmaceutical market of India has achieved a tremendous growth in technology and infrastructure. The sites can introduce you about the pharmaceutical industry. And site will provide the information about the latest innovations and developments and future scopes of the pharmaceutical industry. And the different aspects of the pharmaceutical industry have been explored. Moreover it provides history information about pharmaceutical industry along with its future scope. In addition to manufacturer information it is also provide that the product information, complete description of the product, its usage, storage conditions, ingredients ration, and whom should use under which circumstances. The pharmaceutical wholesalers are having a vital role in supply of medications. For ethical pharmaceuticals wholesaler provides a link between pharmaceutical manufactures and retail outlet pharmacies, dispensing doctors and hospitals and promoting the new innovative medications. The responsibilities of the Pharmaceutical wholesaler Pharmaceutical wholesalers provide distribution and stock holding functions. And for customers the products should be provided according to their daily requirements. So that avoiding customers having large stock. Retails pharmacists and dispensing doctors have to keep normal working medicine stock. The wholesalers have to efficiently supply on a daily basis or even within a shorter period after receiving the orders from their customers. Full line wholesalers can stock and sell a full range of pharmaceuticals. But Short line wholesalers should sell only fast moving products; they should not contain all the products stock. They can import these products from manufacturers or foreign wholesalers. Analysis of IT Requirements for Pharmaceutical Business Analysis of IT Requirements for Pharmaceutical Business Project Title Analyzing the IT requirement and developing software for a small pharmaceutical wholesaler working in India. Abstract The aim of this project is to enhance the effectiveness of pharmaceutical whole sale business in India. It is to investigate various ways of developing software for businesses in the pharmaceutical sector. This project will investigate domain-specific requirements for billing, stock maintenance, customer services; keep track of drug licenses and retail pharmaceuticals in India. And develop a software system to automate wholesale pharmaceutical company in order bring effectiveness and productivity, profitability into business. Introduction Pharmacy is a domain, which has already shown lot of growth in India. As of now when we consider, it is still fast growing field when compared with other fields. â€Å"Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceutical Works† is the first Indian pharmaceutical company. This company exists even now and operating in government sector. It was established in 1930. Since then most of the time India imported drugs from other countries. It happened for around 60 years. Later on in India, the government started helping pharmacy industries to see what they are today. At present there are many laws that govern pharmaceutical companies and drugs in India. There are some patent related rights. As of now Indian pharmaceutical industry is doing well and recognized by the world. It is having good share in the world market. In India around 20000 drug manufacturers exist. As peripheral outfits, medical wholesalers, retailers, dealers started growing. In this backdrop, the aim of this project is to enhance the effectiveness of pharmaceutical whole sale business in India. It is to investigate various ways of developing software for businesses in the pharmaceutical sector. Information Technology is best used in pharmacy to increase effectiveness in the business systems. It could be used at various levels including whole sale market of the pharmacy industry. It promotes new ways of working and making business. It ensures quality of services thereby increasing overall productivity of business systems. There are some areas that have great impact on this industry by using Information Technology. When it comes the theme of this project that is increasing the effectiveness of drugs wholesalers by adopting Information Technology as the main instrument to provide quality of service to its customers and get maximum profits out of it. The main purpose of using such software is to improve the performance, transparency, consistency in the system. It is difficult to do many things manual. The manual system has the following drawbacks. Time consumption Error prone Less profitability Less customer satisfaction Provided the above drawbacks of manual system, if the same is automated we can reap the following benefits. The benefits of using such Information Systems can strengthen the pharmaceutical industry in India. Wholesalers in this field are important part of such businesses. It is not like taking care of one business. It is like taking care of complete chain of businesses. We should have good supply chain mechanism that works with co-ordination by all business partners. The wholesalers provide both stocking and distribution functionalities. They enable customers to get products easily whenever required. There must be trade association between manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers in order to provide in time and quality service to its consumers. The pharmaceutical wholesalers can also sale other related to products not only medicines. Other products related to medicine they can have some business. They can also provide technical information to people. They are equipped with the knowledge of various drugs and how to handle them and use them. One fine thing about pharmaceutical industry is that they are controlled by the government. This paves way to good and healthy nature among the companies that are into this market. Small and medium software systems can help wholesalers and business holders provide good service to their respective customers. Customer satisfaction is the key for any business to grow. For this we have got new subjects like â€Å"Customer Relationship Management† (CRM) and eCRM. The wholesalers could be a part of SCM (Supply Chain Management). In this case they can use the common software for entire chain. Or else they can have different software with heterogeneous nature and still work under common interfaces. They can work together to achieve the business goals of business partners. Once again I reiterate that Information Technology is best used in pharmacy to increase effectiveness in the business systems. It could be used at various levels including whole sale market of the pharmacy industry. It promotes new ways of working and making business. It ensures quality of services thereby increasing overall productivity of business systems. There are some areas that have great impact on this industry by using Information Technology. Client Background Padma Agencies is the pharmaceutical business wholesaler. Its business is located in Koti, Hyderabad, India. The shop area is 12*20 sqft space. Total staff is 10 members, in these 2 members fill the stock, 2 members writing bills, 1 member collecting cash, 5 members to save and packing all to customers. They dont have any problem in serving customers. Mostly the time is wasting at billing and calculating and at cash point because the calculating and billing is manually, so at cash point he must check the items and price and total again by manually due to containing the correct prices are available for customer or not. Here price can vary by mistakes. More Details of Example Company No data base is used to maintain the stock. There are different types of products and number of companies. The company salesmen (i.e., PG, Nestle, Cadbury, etc) come to the shop and check the quantity with help of staff member and place an order for stock to them by guessing the quantity. Expiry and damage stock will be replaced by company, if the staff can find it and hand over to company. Some products (i.e., summer products, rainy products, winter products) maintain heavy stock by their seasons and demanding products. Payments All the payments done by cash and cheques on company name. If shop had a credit to particular company the M.D doesnt receive original receipt. The shop keeper get the original bill after he clear the payment, up to they had a duplicate. Customer Placing Order Customer visit with order form Customer can order by phone. Delivery Pickup the order forms from customers and serve the items to customer, after calculating manually and payment Taking the order from phone and packed in a handled care boxes and delivery by using transport facility. Payment Methods These shops accept by cash, cheques and D.D only. Selling The goods are sale only who have a drug license No(i.e., only for Retail Pharmaceuticals) Every product had a price on them i.e., called maximum retail price (M.R.P.). Present Mode of Operation They are selling all the products by whole sale price, now the present system is totally manually i.e. billing on a paper and calculating with calculators, stock maintenance is just by guessing. Price checking is maintain in a book and items are 6000-8000 different types of items they maintaining. Daily Maintenance In the company they are maintaining ten employees, 1 M.D, 1 assist manager. In these shops the customers are visit in 4-500 hundreds per day. The salesmans sales the goods only for whom having a drug license, so, here the customer should have a drug license number to buy any product in the shop. Selling Daily A customer comes with an order form containing of items, sizes and quantity. The present system is manual and has the following drawbacks. Is a semi-automated at where the information is stored in the form of excel sheets in disk drives. The information storage and maintenance is more critical in this system. Tracking the salesman activities, customer activities and progress of the work is a complex operation. Existing system cannot provide the facility of accepting cheques. Very less security because of file systems. Very less customer satisfaction as quality of service is less. Time consuming process because of manual report generation. Management of stocks may not be accurate. Prediction of drugs demand, based on seasons is complex. Placing of orders through phone and home delivery is not possible. This system cannot provide the information sharing by 247 days. Literature Review India Pharmaceutical Industry Richard Gerster said â€Å"The Indian pharmaceutical industry is a success story providing employment for millions and ensuring that essential drugs at affordable prices are available to the vast population of this sub-continent.†India is a country in which it is proven that growth of pharmaceutical science, manufacturing and wholesaling is more. Across the country there are about 20,000 manufacturing units. The drug control authority in India gives licenses to drug manufacturers. India has quality producers who complete with world giants in the same industry. It is made possible as India has advantages in terms of good and skilled man power, excellent and cost-effective chemical synthesis, and good financial and legal framework which will ensure faster growth in the industry, very good strength in information technology usage, globalization, and good opportunities for foreign investors in this sector. As can be seen in the above table large share of revenue is generated by pharmaceutical industry in India. The table also shows the companies that stand top 10 positions. The future growth of India pharmaceutical sector is shown in the following diagram. Indian pharmaceutical industry has been witnessing a phenomenal growth in recent years. With low-cost manufacturing, most of small firms they dont have their own production facilities but they operate using the spare capacity of another company drug manufactures. High quality research, personal education and the facilities of manufacturing the Indian pharmaceuticals industry presents a competitive thread. The Indian pharmaceutical industry has got first in the Indian science based technologies with their wide range of capabilities in the complex of drugs manufacturing and technology. It is a highly organized sector worth to be a $4.5 billions and increasing the profitability with 8 to 9 percentage annually. Indian pharmaceutical industry placed before than all in terms of quality, technology, and the range of medicine manufactured. It is manufacturing every type of medicine for a small things to sophisticated antibiotics. In the development of medicines Indian Pharmaceutical Industry playing a key role and it fallows the quality procedures by regulatory authorities in U.S.A and U.K. Many international companies are associated with this sector and these companies are assisted and stimulated for past more than 50 years and helps to India keep on the pharmaceuticals world. It is extremely fragmented with more than 20000 registered units and growing drastically in the last two decades. Only the leading 250 companies are getting 70 percentage of market with market leader holding 7% of the market share. With demanding of tablets, capsules, orals, bulk drugs, drug intermediates and pharmaceutical formulations, Indian pharmaceutical sector meets over 70% of the countries demands. In India there is 5 central public units, 250 large units and nearly 8000 small scale sector units. The Indian pharmaceutical industry has low costs of production, low RD costs, innovation of scientific manpower, strength of laboratories and increasing balance of trade. The pharmaceutical company is going on the international market with its rich scientific talent and research capabilities. The domestic pharma industry: The domestic pharma industry has recently achieved some historic milestones through a leadership position and global assessment. Many Indian companies maintained amazing standards and stability, environmental production and supply of bulk drugs to some innovate companies. More of Indian companies are now seeking regulatory approvals in USA in specialized segments. Increasing number of Indian pharmaceutical companies have been getting international regulatory approvals for their plants. Indian companies are now seeking more abbreviated new drug approvals in USA in specialized segments. Growth of Indian market: In the year of 2009 Indian pharmacy was assessed $7,743m which increments of 4% than 2007u.Business observers decided that India has made good percentage than other international companies. It is also appearing as a preferred location for pharmaceutical companies. India is the world fourth largest producer of pharmaceuticals in volume. And it increases the productivity indirectly. Indian pharmaceutical industry reached us$10.88 billion and it is likely to becomes double in volume that is us$20.95 billion in 2014. Globalization of Indian pharmaceutical industry: In the early of 1990s the Indian government has opened its market to foreign investments and started the globalization. Indian pharmacy sector globalization took place with the other countries entered into this sector. Globalization has increased the world in recent years due to rapid progress especially in communications and transport. The various advantages of globalization is it brought huge amount of foreign currency into industry and turn to boost up India. With many foreign companies entering in Indian pharmacy sector, it increase the jobs availability in India. The benefits of Indian pharmaceutical globalization is, many of the foreign international companies entering into India and brought with a highly equipment technology and it improves the medicines quality and that were available to the people. Many Indian pharmaceutical companies took over international companies to grow up and for more profits. There are some disadvantages also appearing in globalization of Indian pharmacy that there may be increase the competition between foreign pharmaceutical companies and domestic companies. This will result that the profits may decrease and companies may shut-down. And one more disadvantage is many of the foreign pharmacy companies are taking over the domestic companies which happened already. This may led to fear that foreign companies will take over the Indian pharmacy companies. And many of employees lost their jobs by the company integrations. Advantage in India: India posses a skillful work force with high technical and as well as managerial competence. The track record of development and cost-schedule synthesis for various drug molecules are excellent. Legal framework is also good in India, financial market is also good. It has a good network of world most educational institutes. The country is committed to a free market economy and globalization. after many years international pharmaceutical industry has discovered many opportunities in India. Future of pharmaceutical sector: The future of pharmaceutical sector in India is extremely good and positive. Several Indian companies are acquiring US Europe companies and several more are raising funds to do so. India has began recognizing global patents. In future Indian pharmacy going to be an unbeatable position in Pharmacy. It is one of the fastest growing sector in India. Market for pharmaceuticals in India has strong potential for increased growth. Generic drugs produced in India being accepted worldwide. Global pharmaceutical companies dealing a long term relationships with India. View of pharmaceutical sector: As in the present scenario only few people can afford costly medicines which has improved price sensitivity in the market. That is the reason most of the companies introducing the high quality medicines with low price drugs for giving the competition to other industries. With product patent act which takes place in January 2005, the Indian pharmaceutical industry is attracted the MNCs to India. At present most of the Indian companies are looking forward to tie up with foreign industries for in-licensed drugs. Contract research and pharmaceutical outsourcing are the new events in Indian pharmacy market. Indian multinational companies have created awareness about Indian market in world pharmacy industries. Legislative Framework Pertaining To Manufacture and Sale of Drugs in India In the early 1990s, the drug industry in India was negligible and used to import drugs from other countries. Later the Indian government understood the situation and decided to introduce laws related to drug manufacturing and distribution. Gradually it ensured that industry is growing faster and introduced many other laws that govern the industry. At present in India the following acts and rules are present to control the manufacture, import, export and clinical research of medicines and cosmetics in India. The drugs and cosmetics act, 1940 The pharmacy act, 1948 The drugs and magic remedies act, 1954 The narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances act, 1985 The medical and toilet preparations act, 1956 The drugs order, 1995 Academic Literature in on Requirements Analysis for Small Business Systems Pertaining to Pharmacy Information Technology is best used in pharmacy to increase effectiveness in the business systems. It could be used at various levels including whole sale market of the pharmacy industry. It promotes new ways of working and making business. It ensures quality of services thereby increasing overall productivity of business systems. There are some areas that have great impact on this industry by using Information Technology. They are: Electronic transfer of prescriptions Hospital e-prescribing Information governance The electronic prescriptions between prescribers and pharmacists improve the efficiency and quality of service. It allows various fragments of pharmacy related systems get connected seamlessly. The hospital e-prescribing programmed is used to support chain of activities like prescription, administration and supply of medicines. Information sharing is also possible among health related systems in the world. Known Issues that Affect Pharmaceutical Business There is an improving pressure on Pharmaceutical and bio-technology companies to use information technology in order to achieve their business goals. Areas in Health Care industry such as drug development, molecular research, formulary acceptance, detailing, contract sales, whole sailing has been affected by the rapid growth of IT industry The competition in the industry is comparing to be the best or second in the fray. Every area of pharmacy industry is affected by the influence of science and technology and organizations are compelled to take the help of IT at least to remain in the industry There are some issues related to laws of Indian government. The industry must stick to the acts/rules imposed by government. Such rules may be changing from time to time. Answer to many of these issues is in the ability of companies pertaining to pharmaceutical utilizing the full power of Information Technology to leverage its profitability. The information related challenges can be overcome by using Information Technology in bio technology and pharmacy. More about Pharmaceutical Industry in India The government of India has been very supportive for drug Industry in the country. The government has been giving many benefits to the pharmaceutical companies in India. They are given land for establishing company and also tax benefits related to business. The Indian government not only encouraging the companies in India, it also helped many foreign investors muster their funds and invest in India in the industry of pharmaceuticals. In the process of improvement this industry has faced many challenges too. The problems like lack of funding for beginners, difficulty in getting funds from government. The biochemical industry is uncertain. Another important problem faced by Indian pharmaceutical companies in the early stages for long time was that â€Å"lack of skilled human resources†. Of course this is there in all industries to some extent. Indian companies overcame such problems and now having a very good share in the world pharmaceutical business. Functional Requirements of Proposed System for Padma Agencies Maintenance of customer details. Stock maintenance. Billing. Order details. Keeping track of drug licenses. Predicting the future demands of the retailers based on the seasons. Ordering of goods through phone and home delivery is possible. Online ordering of goods. Customized report generation. The functional requirements are classified into the following modules Stock Maintenance Ordering Billing Stock Maintenance Module This module is responsible for complete stock maintenance. It takes care of complete inventory of medicines and related products. It can generate reports as per the stock status. As things are sold the changes in the physical store is reflected in this inventory. Ordering Module In this module all the work related to ordering of goods is done. Placing orders by predicting the behavior of the retailers and the customers. It takes care of orders sent by its retail customers. It is also responsible to generate reports related to orders received from its customers and order made to pharmacy manufacturers. Billing Module When the system is started, it should authenticate user before providing its functionalities The output bill should appear as containing the shop name, address, phone number and drug license no. It contains which system i.e. (system 1, system 2,etc), billing staff id, name, bill no(transaction number), time, date, receipt type (original, duplicate, refund, void item, void transaction, etc), quantity, product name price per single and total price quantity, and the end grand total for all products , if vat is applicable then vat summary. Salesman is the person who involves in bill preparation, report generation for the current stocks maintained and tracking the drug licenses of the retailers. It is responsible for billing activities for the licensed customers. It does mean that the retail businesses that contain a valid drug license are allowed to buy pharmacy products from this store. System Requirements Thorough understanding of the system in terms of technologies required warrants that the following are the software and hardware requirements to build this system. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Operating System : Windows XP/2000/2003/Vista Technology : Core Java, JDBC, Swings (JDK 1.5/1.6) Database Server : Oracle 9i/10G HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS Processor : Pentium based systems with a minimum of P4 RAM : 256MB (minimum) Research Methodology Case 1: Standard labeling rules when dispensing medicines. Interfacing with a standard accounting package. Providing links to manufacturers web pages about specific products. Drug wholesalers websites to get some ideas? Standard Labeling Rules When Dispensing Medicines: A system for automated dispensing of a packaged pharmaceutical comprising good medicine labeling standards is vital to ensure the safe use of medicines. The intention of this study is to evaluate and compare compliance towards labeling standard for dispensed medications between community pharmacists and general practitioners. The medicines for human use Regulations 1994 specify the requirements for the labeling of relevant medical products which are supplied to patients. Dispensed medicines would normally require being added number of details at the time of supply. But much of the information about medicines will be available on the label of hospital manufacturing unit. The regulations has amended to allow for a reduced dispensing label requirement to cover the patient name, date of dispensing , dose or volume , direction to use and cautionary steps to follow. The medical product has to be prepared or dispensed in accordance with the prescription by the given practitioner. The assembled product is for retail supply or circumstances corresponding to retail supply. The assembled product must be sold from that pharmacy or at any other registered pharmacy forming part of the same retail pharmacy business. The assembled product cannot be advertised. The over label must not obscure the printed text of a licensed pack in any way. The label has to apply to the blank area designated on the original pack for the dispensing label. In cases where an original pack does not have provision for a dispensing label, the over label should be firmly attached to the pack in a manner that is easily readable and does not obscure the licensed text nor interfere with the safe and effective use of the medicine. Original packs over labeled in accordance with these principles may be supplied direct to hospital pharmacies, health centers etc without the necessity for formal variation of the Marketing Authorization by the Marketing Authorization holder. Breaking bulk (manufacturers original pack) will require a variation to the respective Marketing Authorization. It would be normally good practice to add the date of the supply; it can be form as a following diagram. The dispensed container should me labeled with the following information Practice name, address and 24 hour telephone number(s). hould specify the intended users. Client name, patient name and client address also. Purpose of the drug prescription, Drug name and Strength. Number if tables or volume in case of liquid. Date dispensed. Direction for use like dose, frequency and method taking the drug. Relevant information and warnings, and the process of preventing the danger if the drug has taken accidentally. Labeling of investigational medicines This paragraph is about the standard labeling for the investigational products which are used in clinical trials. The trail has to be conducted within the Member states conducted by study. The planning of trail doesnt require any particular manufacturing. The normal dispensing label would be of the form as shown below In addition to this quantity of dose (number of tables/capsules) is also to be added. It can also include Name of sponsor, means name research organization /investigator. Trail reference code specifying the identification of the trail site. It would contain the information on the product, dosage, storage conditions, and batch number etc. Interfacing With a Standard Accounting Package The pharmaceutical wholesaler â€Å"Padma Agencies† can have its account part integrated with some standard accounting packages already available in the market instead of reinventing the wheel again. At present its mode of payment is as shown below. Payments All the payments done by cash and cheques on company name. If shop had a credit to particular company the M.D doesnt receive original receipt. The shop keeper get the original bill after he clear the payment, up to they had a duplicate. Instead of making all the modules in the pharmaceutical application, the application can be integrated with a standard account package. All the functionalities provided by accounting packages can be reused if we can seamlessly integrate our application with that. This is possible provided standard interfaces given by the accounting packages vendors that support integration with the applications developed in other languages. This integrates accounting, accounts receivable, and inventory management systems, which allows the distributor headquarters to operate with minimal staffing. Each step of the process is self-contained and modular allowing rapid and flexible geographic expansion. Web Links to Drug Manufactures From the application we can provide the web links to different manufacturing companies across the world. So if some specific product is not available from local market that should be purchased from the manufacturing company. For that if required product has selected and makes a request than the manufacturing company web site will be explored. Pharmaceutical involves manufacturing of drugs and equipments in healthcare. Development of drugs is a costly process in pharmaceutical. And the drug producing companies should have commercial license for research and development according to the rules and regulations of the drug license standard body. And distribution and marketing is also a vital role. The pharmaceutical market of India has achieved a tremendous growth in technology and infrastructure. The sites can introduce you about the pharmaceutical industry. And site will provide the information about the latest innovations and developments and future scopes of the pharmaceutical industry. And the different aspects of the pharmaceutical industry have been explored. Moreover it provides history information about pharmaceutical industry along with its future scope. In addition to manufacturer information it is also provide that the product information, complete description of the product, its usage, storage conditions, ingredients ration, and whom should use under which circumstances. The pharmaceutical wholesalers are having a vital role in supply of medications. For ethical pharmaceuticals wholesaler provides a link between pharmaceutical manufactures and retail outlet pharmacies, dispensing doctors and hospitals and promoting the new innovative medications. The responsibilities of the Pharmaceutical wholesaler Pharmaceutical wholesalers provide distribution and stock holding functions. And for customers the products should be provided according to their daily requirements. So that avoiding customers having large stock. Retails pharmacists and dispensing doctors have to keep normal working medicine stock. The wholesalers have to efficiently supply on a daily basis or even within a shorter period after receiving the orders from their customers. Full line wholesalers can stock and sell a full range of pharmaceuticals. But Short line wholesalers should sell only fast moving products; they should not contain all the products stock. They can import these products from manufacturers or foreign wholesalers.